Podcast
Questions and Answers
In the epidemiological triad model, what is the primary role of the 'environment' component?
In the epidemiological triad model, what is the primary role of the 'environment' component?
- To only affect the host's susceptibility to disease.
- To influence the agent, the host, and the route of transmission. (correct)
- To directly cause disease in a susceptible host.
- To act as the sole source of infectious agents.
Which of the following is an example of an endogenous chemical agent affecting health?
Which of the following is an example of an endogenous chemical agent affecting health?
- Skin irritation from contact with poison ivy.
- Hormone imbalances disrupting normal body functions. (correct)
- Exposure to industrial pollutants in the air.
- Ingestion of food contaminated with pesticides.
The natural history of a disease includes the period of subclinical disease. What characterizes this stage?
The natural history of a disease includes the period of subclinical disease. What characterizes this stage?
- Pathological changes occurring without apparent signs or symptoms. (correct)
- Complete absence of any pathological changes in the body.
- The onset of noticeable signs and symptoms leading to diagnosis.
- The stage after recovery where the individual is immune to reinfection.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the epidemiologic triad?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the epidemiologic triad?
How do intrinsic host factors primarily influence the risk of disease?
How do intrinsic host factors primarily influence the risk of disease?
What is the most crucial implication of understanding the natural history of disease for public health interventions?
What is the most crucial implication of understanding the natural history of disease for public health interventions?
Which of the following is the best example of a biological environmental factor that can affect the spread of disease?
Which of the following is the best example of a biological environmental factor that can affect the spread of disease?
How do modifiable behaviors as host factors impact the epidemiologic triad?
How do modifiable behaviors as host factors impact the epidemiologic triad?
Which scenario illustrates the application of controlling infections capable of being transmitted in both clinically apparent cases and those with in-apparent or undiagnosed infections?
Which scenario illustrates the application of controlling infections capable of being transmitted in both clinically apparent cases and those with in-apparent or undiagnosed infections?
Which of these options represents a physical agent that can impact public health?
Which of these options represents a physical agent that can impact public health?
Flashcards
Concept of Disease
Concept of Disease
A condition where body function is impaired, deviating from a healthy state and disrupting vital functions.
Epidemiologic Triad
Epidemiologic Triad
A model for infectious disease causation involving an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings them together.
Environmental Factors
Environmental Factors
Factors like physical, biological, and social conditions influencing health and disease.
Host Factors
Host Factors
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Agent Factors
Agent Factors
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Biological agents
Biological agents
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Nutrient agents
Nutrient agents
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Exogenous Chemical Agents
Exogenous Chemical Agents
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Environmental Factors
Environmental Factors
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Study Notes
Concept of Disease
- Disease is a condition where body function is impaired, departing from a state of health and interrupting vital functions.
Epidemiologic Triad
- The epidemiologic triangle (or triad) is a traditional model for understanding infectious disease causation.
- The triad includes an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings them together.
- The environment influences the agent, the host, and the transmission route.
Factors in the Epidemiologic Triad
Agent Factors
- Physical Agents
- Chemical Agents
- Biological Agents
- Nutritional Agents
Host Factors
- Socio-demographic Factors
- Psycho-social Factors
- Intrinsic Characteristics
Environmental Factors
- Physical Environment
- Biological Environment
- Social Environment
Disease Agents
Biological Agents
- These include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminthes, and arthropods.
- Biological agents are also known as pathogens as they cause disease.
Nutrient Agents
- Includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water
Chemical Agents
- Endogenous chemical agents are formed in the body (hormones, enzymes, urea, uric acid).
- Exogenous chemical agents enter the body from outside (pollutants, allergens).
Physical Agents
- These include heat, cold, humidity, pressure, radiation, and electricity.
Mechanical Agents
- Consist of chronic friction or mechanical forces causing injury, sprain, dislocation, or fracture.
Genetic Disorders
- Some diseases stem from genetic disorders or underdevelopment of organs.
Host Factors
Intrinsic Factors (Non-Modifiable)
- Influence an individual's exposure, susceptibility, or response (age, race, sex, socioeconomic status).
Behaviors (Modifiable Factors)
- Includes smoking, drug abuse, lifestyle, sexual practices, contraception, and eating habits.
Environmental Factors
- Environmental factors are extrinsic and affect the agent and opportunity for exposure
- Physical factors include geology and climate.
- Biologic factors include insects that transmit agents.
- Socioeconomic factors include crowding, sanitation, and healthcare access.
Spectrum of Disease
- Those with inapparent or undiagnosed infections can still transmit infections.
- Control measures should target all infections capable of transmission, not just clinically apparent cases.
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