Circulatory system
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Circulatory system

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary composition of the tunica media in arteries?

  • Smooth muscle cells arranged circumferentially (correct)
  • Collagenous tissue with subendothelial layers
  • Elastic fibers in a longitudinally arrangement
  • Endothelium layer with a thin external elastic lamina

    • Which blood vessels have a thicker media and a relatively narrow lumen?

  • Venules
  • Veins
  • Arteries (correct)
  • Capillaries

    • Which tunic separates the tunica media from the outermost tunic in arteries?

  • External elastic lamina (correct)
  • Endothelium layer
  • Subendothelial layer
  • Collagenous tissue

    • What is the main composition of the tunica adventitia in blood vessels?

    <p>Longitudinally arranged collagenous tissue with some elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the numerous elastic laminae in elastic arteries?

    <p>Making blood flow more uniform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do veins have a larger lumen compared to arteries?

    <p>For distribution of deoxygenated blood towards the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Spongiosa layer in heart valves?

    <p>Acts as a shock absorber to dampen vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is found in the walls of vessels larger than capillaries?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endothelium in vascular walls?

    <p>Acts as a semipermeable barrier between blood and tissue fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Purkinje fibers located in the heart?

    <p>In the myocardium of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart valves is covered with endothelium and adjacent to the ventricular or atrial surface of each valve?

    <p>Ventricularis layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibrous extensions from the dense irregular connective tissue of the skeletal rings of the heart in heart valves?

    <p>Form the core of the valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epicardium in the heart?

    <p>Producing lubricant fluid for the pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart consists mainly of cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally around each heart chamber?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue forms part of the cardiac skeleton in the heart?

    <p>Dense irregular fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endocardium in the heart?

    <p>Lining the internal surface of blood and lymphatic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pericardial fluid in the heart?

    <p>Cushioning underlying structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the pericardium corresponds to the visceral layer and is supported by a layer of loose connective tissue?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endothelial cells in inflammation and local immune responses?

    <p>Inducing white blood cells to stop and undergo transendothelial migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is rapidly expressed on the luminal surface of endothelial cells in response to injury or infection?

    <p>P-selectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)?

    <p>Promote capillary sprouting from existing vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the subendothelial layer beneath the endothelium?

    <p>Collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer allows expansion, especially during high blood pressure?

    <p>Internal elastic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Weibel–Palade bodies in endothelial cells?

    <p>Fuse with the cell membrane to express P-selectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of elastic arteries?

    <p>Carry blood to capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of conducting arteries?

    <p>Prominent internal elastic lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the artery helps in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of distributing arteries?

    <p>Distribute blood to organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature is unique to larger muscular arteries?

    <p>External elastic lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues in capillaries?

    <p>Thin walls and single layer of endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vascular Wall Structure

    • Consists of three tunics: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia
    • Tunica intima: innermost layer, composed of endothelium and subendothelial layer
    • Tunica media: middle layer, composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers
    • Tunica adventitia: outermost layer, composed of longitudinally arranged collagenous tissue and few elastic fibers

    Arteries

    • Elastic arteries: thick tunica media with elastic lamellae, found in aorta and pulmonary artery
    • Muscular arteries: thicker media and narrower lumen, found in distributing arteries
    • Arteries have a thicker media and relatively narrower lumen compared to veins

    Veins

    • Thicker adventitia and larger lumen compared to arteries
    • Intima often folded to form valves
    • Veins have a larger lumen and thicker adventitia compared to arteries

    Capillaries

    • Composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and their basal lamina
    • Allow for metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
    • Form blood vascular networks and function in groups called capillary beds
    • Major structural variations occur in organs with different functions

    Heart Valves

    • Composed of connective tissue overlying endocardium
    • Three layers: fibrosa, spongiosa, and ventricularis
    • Acts as a shock absorber to dampen vibration associated with valve closing

    Heart Tissues

    • Endocardium: innermost layer of the heart, composed of endothelium and supporting connective tissue
    • Myocardium: middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle fibers and connective tissue
    • Epicardium: outermost layer of the heart, composed of a simple squamous mesothelium and loose connective tissue

    Cardiac Skeleton

    • Dense irregular fibrous connective tissue
    • Forms part of the interventricular and interatrial septa
    • Surrounds all valves of the heart and extends into the valve cusps and chordae tendineae

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    Description

    Learn about the epicardium, a simple squamous mesothelium, and the two layers of the pericardium - visceral (epicardium) and parietal. Understand how the epicardium corresponds to the visceral layer of the pericardium and how it is reflected as the parietal layer where large vessels enter and leave the heart.

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