Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is an enzyme's function in a chemical reaction?
What is an enzyme's function in a chemical reaction?
Where is the active site of an enzyme?
Where is the active site of an enzyme?
Active site is where the substrate (reactants) fit into the enzyme.
Enzymes work optimally at specific conditions of _ and _.
Enzymes work optimally at specific conditions of _ and _.
pH and temperature
Match the enzyme with its corresponding reactant and product:
Match the enzyme with its corresponding reactant and product:
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Bile neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Bile neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
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Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart?
Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart?
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Study Notes
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being changed or used up
- Lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur
- Made up of chains of amino acids folded into a globular shape with an active site for substrate binding
- Each enzyme is specific to one reaction and only works if the substrate is the correct shape
- Optimal function occurs at specific pH and temperature conditions
- Denature in extreme pH or temperature conditions, losing their 3D shape and function
Enzyme Examples
- Amylase: converts starch to sugars (glucose)
- Protease: breaks down protein into amino acids
- Lipase: breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Digestion
- Products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates and proteins, and glucose is used for respiration
- Bile is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and neutralizes stomach acid
- Bile emulsifies fats, increasing the surface area for lipase digestion
The Heart and Blood Vessels
- The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood carrying oxygen or waste products around the body
- Lungs are the site of gas exchange, where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood
- Oxygen is used in respiration to release energy, and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product
Types of Blood Vessels
- Veins: carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, have lower pressure, wider lumen, thinner walls, and valves to prevent backflow
- Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, have higher pressure, narrower lumen, thicker walls, and more elastic and muscular tissue
- Capillaries: narrow vessels that form networks to supply cells and organs, with one-cell-thick walls for efficient diffusion
The Heart as a Double Pump
- The heart pumps blood for two circulatory systems: pulmonary and systemic
- Pulmonary circulation: serves the lungs, exchanging deoxygenated blood for oxygen at the alveoli
- Systemic circulation: serves the rest of the body, transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products
The Heart as a Pacemaker
- The heart's rate is controlled by small groups of cells called pacemakers
- Pacemakers produce electrical impulses that stimulate the surrounding muscle to contract and pump blood
- Sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) are two key pacemakers in the heart
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Description
Test your knowledge on enzymes, biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being changed or used up. Learn about their structure, function, and specificity.
