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Questions and Answers
What is an enzyme's function in a chemical reaction?
Where is the active site of an enzyme?
Active site is where the substrate (reactants) fit into the enzyme.
Enzymes work optimally at specific conditions of _ and _.
pH and temperature
Match the enzyme with its corresponding reactant and product:
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Bile neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
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Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart?
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Study Notes
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being changed or used up
- Lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur
- Made up of chains of amino acids folded into a globular shape with an active site for substrate binding
- Each enzyme is specific to one reaction and only works if the substrate is the correct shape
- Optimal function occurs at specific pH and temperature conditions
- Denature in extreme pH or temperature conditions, losing their 3D shape and function
Enzyme Examples
- Amylase: converts starch to sugars (glucose)
- Protease: breaks down protein into amino acids
- Lipase: breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Digestion
- Products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates and proteins, and glucose is used for respiration
- Bile is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and neutralizes stomach acid
- Bile emulsifies fats, increasing the surface area for lipase digestion
The Heart and Blood Vessels
- The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood carrying oxygen or waste products around the body
- Lungs are the site of gas exchange, where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood
- Oxygen is used in respiration to release energy, and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product
Types of Blood Vessels
- Veins: carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, have lower pressure, wider lumen, thinner walls, and valves to prevent backflow
- Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, have higher pressure, narrower lumen, thicker walls, and more elastic and muscular tissue
- Capillaries: narrow vessels that form networks to supply cells and organs, with one-cell-thick walls for efficient diffusion
The Heart as a Double Pump
- The heart pumps blood for two circulatory systems: pulmonary and systemic
- Pulmonary circulation: serves the lungs, exchanging deoxygenated blood for oxygen at the alveoli
- Systemic circulation: serves the rest of the body, transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products
The Heart as a Pacemaker
- The heart's rate is controlled by small groups of cells called pacemakers
- Pacemakers produce electrical impulses that stimulate the surrounding muscle to contract and pump blood
- Sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) are two key pacemakers in the heart
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Description
Test your knowledge on enzymes, biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being changed or used up. Learn about their structure, function, and specificity.
