Enzymes and Temperature: Induced-Fit Model and Optimal Temperatures

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What is the name of the cavity that the thylakoids enclose?

Chloroplast cavity

Stroma cavity

Thylakoid space (correct)

Mitochondrial matrix

Which two photosystems are responsible for absorbing light and using redox reactions to store energy?

Photosystems I and II (correct)

Photosystems A and B

Photosystems III and IV

Photosystems X and Y

Which type of reactions in photosynthesis do not require light directly?

Light-independent reactions (correct)

Redox reactions

Endergonic reactions

Light-dependent reactions

What is the name of the cycle involved in the fixation of carbon dioxide?

Calvin-Benson cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy requirement of the Calvin-Benson cycle?

Endergonic Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are required for the reduction step of the Calvin-Benson cycle?

6 ATP and 6 NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What do anabolic pathways do?

Synthesize large molecules from smaller products Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of ATP in anabolic pathways?

Provide the energy required for synthesizing larger molecules Signup and view all the answers

What happens during oxidation in biological systems?

Donating electrons to oxygen atoms Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a chemical that gains electrons in a redox reaction?

Reduced Signup and view all the answers

What process is involved in biological oxidation?

Losing hydrogen atoms Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells use electron carrier molecules?

To carry electrons during metabolic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting point for the synthesis of sugars, complex polysaccharides, and peptidoglycan?

G3P Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a precursor that some cells can use to synthesize sugars through gluconeogenesis?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lipids in biological systems?

They are used as energy storage compounds and as components of membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the glycerol used in lipid biosynthesis?

G3P generated by the Calvin-Benson cycle and glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about amino acid biosynthesis is true?

Cells synthesize amino acids from precursor metabolites derived from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as from other amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mycolic acid in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

It is incorporated into the cell wall, making it waxy and contributing to the bacteria's resistance to antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of membrane proteins in cells and organelles?

To allow the passage of specific chemicals across the membrane Signup and view all the answers

How does a membrane maintain an electrochemical gradient?

By keeping one or more chemicals at a higher concentration on one side Signup and view all the answers

What process utilizes the potential energy of an electrochemical gradient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

Chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of protons are typically pumped across the membrane by an electron transport chain for each pair of electrons contributed by NADH?

3 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which protons flow down their electrochemical gradient through protein channels called ATP synthases, resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of ADP are typically oxidatively phosphorylated to ATP per molecule of glucose via chemiosmosis?

34 molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal temperature for most microorganisms?

37C Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why certain pathogens can cause disease in humans?

Pathogens function best at higher temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe organisms that grow best at temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius?

Hyperthermophiles Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high temperatures on the rate of chemical reactions?

High temperatures increase the rate of chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme's active site when the temperature changes?

The active site changes shape Signup and view all the answers