Enzymes and Catalysis

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What percentage of enzymes are proteins?

Around 90%

Over 50%

99+% (correct)

100%

What is the primary role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

To increase the rate of the reaction without being consumed (correct)

To increase the rate of the reaction while being consumed

To initiate the reaction and then stop it

To decrease the rate of the reaction without being consumed

What is the term for the unstable arrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction?

Activation energy

Ground state

Reactant state

Transition state (correct)

What is the energy required to reach the transition state from the ground state of the reactants?

Activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the small portion of the enzyme surface where the substrate becomes bound?

Active site Signup and view all the answers

What is the model that describes the substrate binding to the enzyme resulting in a change in the conformation of the enzyme?

Induced fit model Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely reason why enzymes exhibit stereospecificity?

They have a specific shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying enzyme kinetics?

To understand the function of enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of enzymes increasing the rate of chemical reactions?

They reduce the activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of understanding enzyme substrate specificity?

To design inhibitors for specific enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What does the Lineweaver-Burk plot provide information about?

Vmax and KM Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of Kcat?

sec^-1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of extreme pH changes on enzyme function?

It denatures the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual optimum temperature for enzymes in humans?

37°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of irreversible inhibition of an enzyme?

The enzyme is completely nonfunctional Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an enzyme with a small KM?

It requires only a small amount of substrate to become saturated Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying the kinetic properties of enzymes?

To design inhibitors for specific enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an efficient enzyme?

It has a large Kcat and small KM Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction?

It increases proportionally with temperature increase Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

It binds to a different site on the enzyme than the substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme?

It decreases the Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a non-competitive inhibitor?

It binds to both the enzyme and the Enzyme-Substrate complex Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Km of an enzyme when a competitive inhibitor is added?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an irreversible inhibitor on an enzyme?

It inactivates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on a competitive inhibitor?

It overcomes the inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on the Km of an enzyme?

It decreases the Km Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an irreversible inhibitor?

It forms a covalent bond with the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the Km of an enzyme?

It has no effect on the Km Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme?

It decreases the Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme?

It decreases the Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?

To determine Vmax and KM Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an enzyme inhibitor on the enzyme's activity?

Decreases the enzyme's activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a small Km value for an enzyme?

The enzyme has a high affinity for the substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying the kinetic properties of enzymes?

To design inhibitors for specific enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

Temperature has an optimal range for enzyme activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

Binds to the active site of the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the turnover number (Kcat)?

Measures the number of substrate molecules reacted per second per enzyme molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pH changes on enzyme function?

pH changes denature the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an efficient enzyme?

Has a high Kcat value and a small Km value Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Michaelis-Menten equation?

Describes the steady-state kinetics of enzyme reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a competitive inhibitor and an uncompetitive inhibitor?

Competitive inhibitor binds to the active site, while uncompetitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding more substrate to a reaction inhibited by a non-competitive inhibitor?

The inhibition remains the same Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an irreversible inhibitor?

It forms a stable covalent bond with the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on the Km of an enzyme?

It increases the Km Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Le Chatelier's principle in uncompetitive inhibition?

It forces the reaction to readjust to the right, simulating the formation of the ES complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an irreversible inhibitor on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?

It inactivates AChE, leading to paralysis and death Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor that allows it to be overcome by adding more substrate?

It binds to the active site of the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the inhibition of an enzyme by a non-competitive inhibitor?

The Vmax decreases and the Km remains the same Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between reversible and irreversible inhibition?

Reversible inhibition is temporary, while irreversible inhibition is permanent Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme?

It decreases the Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological function of enzymes?

To increase the rate of chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an enzyme-substrate interaction?

Induced fit Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy required to reach the transition state?

Activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference between the lock-and-key model and the induced fit model?

The conformation of the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Why are enzymes important in biological systems?

They increase the rate of chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying enzyme kinetics?

To understand the rate of chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the small portion of the enzyme surface where the substrate binds?

Active site Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of enzymes as catalysts?

They increase the rate of chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

An increase in the rate of chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a catalyst?

It increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

To increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the lock-and-key model and the induced fit model?

The change in enzyme conformation upon substrate binding Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy required to reach the transition state from the ground state of the reactants?

Activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Stereo-specific Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the active site in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

To bind the substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of enzymes increasing the rate of chemical reactions?

To allow reactions to occur under physiological conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a reaction that occurs under physiological conditions?

Optimal pH and temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unstable arrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction?

Transition state Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of enzymes are proteins?

99+% Signup and view all the answers

What does the size of Km tell us about a particular enzyme?

That the enzyme requires only a small amount of substrate to become saturated Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying enzyme kinetics?

To understand the various properties of enzymes and their interactions with substrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of environmental factors on enzyme function?

Both pH and temperature can affect enzyme function Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an enzyme with a high Kcat?

It is an efficient enzyme with a high turnover number Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between reversible and irreversible inhibitors?

Reversible inhibitors bind non-covalently, while irreversible inhibitors bind covalently Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?

To determine the Km and Vmax of an enzyme from experimental data Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on the Km of an enzyme?

It increases the Km Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum reaction rate reached when the enzyme is completely saturated with substrate?

Vmax Signup and view all the answers

Why are enzymes important in drug design?

They help in designing enzyme inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the substrate concentration that produces ½ Vmax?

Km Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Km of an enzyme when an uncompetitive inhibitor is added?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the Enzyme-Substrate complex?

It decreases the formation of the ES complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a reversible inhibitor?

It can be overcome by adding more substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme in non-competitive inhibition?

It decreases the Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an uncompetitive inhibitor?

It binds to the ES complex only Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of irreversible inhibition of an enzyme?

The enzyme is inactivated permanently Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on a non-competitive inhibitor?

It has no effect on the inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

It binds to the active site of the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

To increase the rate of the reaction without being consumed Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Le Chatelier's principle on the Km of an enzyme in uncompetitive inhibition?

It decreases the Km Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzymes that allows them to function in physiological conditions?

Stereospecificity Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and an uncompetitive inhibitor?

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while uncompetitive inhibitors bind to the ES complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy required to reach the transition state from the ground state of the reactants?

Activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely model of enzyme-substrate interaction?

Induced fit model Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of enzymes that are proteins?

99+% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unstable arrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction?

Transition state Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of enzymes increasing the rate of chemical reactions?

To allow the reaction to occur at a faster rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzymes that allows them to exhibit catalytic activity?

Specific binding to substrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an efficient enzyme?

High turnover rate Signup and view all the answers

What does the size of Km indicate about an enzyme?

The enzyme's affinity for the substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of Kcat?

sec-1 Signup and view all the answers

How does the environment surrounding an enzyme affect its function?

It can directly affect enzyme function Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Lineweaver-Burk plot?

To determine the Km and Vmax of an enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of extreme pH changes on enzyme function?

It denatures the enzyme, destroying its catalytic ability Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an efficient enzyme?

Low Km and high Kcat Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction?

It increases the rate of the reaction proportionally Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Michaelis-Menten equation?

It assumes steady-state kinetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an irreversible inhibitor on an enzyme?

It forms a covalent bond with the enzyme, inactivating it Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of understanding enzyme substrate specificity?

To design inhibitors for specific enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?

To increase the rate of reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy required to reach the transition state from the ground state of the reactants?

Activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely model of enzyme-substrate interaction?

Induced fit model Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of enzymes increasing the rate of chemical reactions?

To increase the reaction rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzymes that allows them to increase the rate of chemical reactions?

Catalytic activity Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to study enzyme kinetics?

To understand the function of enzymes in chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the active site of an enzyme?

To bind the substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the arrangement of atoms in the process of being formed or broken during a chemical reaction?

Transition state Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why enzymes are stereospecific?

To minimize the distance to the transition state Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

It is not consumed during the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of understanding enzyme substrate specificity?

To design inhibitors for specific enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?

It gives information about the enzyme's affinity for the substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a reversible inhibitor on the enzyme's Vmax?

It does not affect the Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an enzyme with a high catalytic efficiency?

It has a high Kcat value and a low Km value Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of environmental changes on enzyme function?

It can denature the enzyme, destroying its catalytic ability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying enzyme kinetics?

To understand the mechanism of enzyme action Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a reversible and an irreversible inhibitor?

A reversible inhibitor binds non-covalently, while an irreversible inhibitor binds covalently Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Michaelis-Menten equation?

It is used to describe the kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the enzyme's Km?

It does not affect the Km value Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an enzyme with a high Kcat value?

It is efficient in converting substrate to product Signup and view all the answers

In competitive inhibition, what happens to Vmax?

Remains unchanged Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an uncompetitive inhibitor?

Binds to the enzyme-substrate complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on Km?

Remains unchanged Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an irreversible inhibitor?

Forms a covalent bond with the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding more substrate to a reaction inhibited by a competitive inhibitor?

Can completely overcome the inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on Vmax?

Decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a non-competitive inhibitor?

Binds to the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on Km?

Increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an irreversible inhibition?

Irreversible Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between competitive and uncompetitive inhibition?

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, uncompetitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme-substrate complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on Vmax?

It remains unchanged Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex?

Uncompetitive inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the binding of substrate to the enzyme?

It has no effect on the binding Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between reversible and irreversible inhibition?

Reversible inhibition is temporary, while irreversible inhibition is permanent Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an irreversible inhibitor?

It forms a stable covalent bond with the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on Km?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on Vmax and Km?

Vmax decreases, Km decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

It binds to the active site of the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an irreversible inhibitor on the enzyme?

It permanently inactivates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes and Catalysis

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of enzymes are proteins?

What is the primary role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

What is the term for the unstable arrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction?

What is the energy required to reach the transition state from the ground state of the reactants?

What is the small portion of the enzyme surface where the substrate becomes bound?

What is the model that describes the substrate binding to the enzyme resulting in a change in the conformation of the enzyme?

What is the most likely reason why enzymes exhibit stereospecificity?

What is the purpose of studying enzyme kinetics?

What is the term for the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

What is the benefit of enzymes increasing the rate of chemical reactions?

What is the primary use of understanding enzyme substrate specificity?

What does the Lineweaver-Burk plot provide information about?

What is the unit of Kcat?

What is the effect of extreme pH changes on enzyme function?

What is the usual optimum temperature for enzymes in humans?

What is the result of irreversible inhibition of an enzyme?

What is the characteristic of an enzyme with a small KM?

What is the purpose of studying the kinetic properties of enzymes?

What is the characteristic of an efficient enzyme?

What is the effect of temperature on the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction?

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme?

What is the characteristic of a non-competitive inhibitor?

What happens to the Km of an enzyme when a competitive inhibitor is added?

What is the effect of an irreversible inhibitor on an enzyme?

What is the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on a competitive inhibitor?

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on the Km of an enzyme?

What is the characteristic of an irreversible inhibitor?

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the Km of an enzyme?

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme?

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme?

What is the primary use of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?

What is the effect of an enzyme inhibitor on the enzyme's activity?

What is the significance of a small Km value for an enzyme?

What is the purpose of studying the kinetic properties of enzymes?

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

What is the significance of the turnover number (Kcat)?

What is the effect of pH changes on enzyme function?

What is the characteristic of an efficient enzyme?

What is the significance of the Michaelis-Menten equation?

What is the main difference between a competitive inhibitor and an uncompetitive inhibitor?

What is the effect of adding more substrate to a reaction inhibited by a non-competitive inhibitor?

What is the characteristic of an irreversible inhibitor?

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on the Km of an enzyme?

What is the role of Le Chatelier's principle in uncompetitive inhibition?

What is the effect of an irreversible inhibitor on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor that allows it to be overcome by adding more substrate?

What is the result of the inhibition of an enzyme by a non-competitive inhibitor?

What is the difference between reversible and irreversible inhibition?

What is the effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor on the Vmax of an enzyme?

What is the biological function of enzymes?

What is the primary characteristic of an enzyme-substrate interaction?

What is the term for the energy required to reach the transition state?

What is the major difference between the lock-and-key model and the induced fit model?

Why are enzymes important in biological systems?

What is the purpose of studying enzyme kinetics?

What is the term for the small portion of the enzyme surface where the substrate binds?

What is the primary advantage of enzymes as catalysts?

What is the result of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

What is the primary characteristic of a catalyst?

What is the primary function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

What is the main difference between the lock-and-key model and the induced fit model?

What is the energy required to reach the transition state from the ground state of the reactants?

What is the characteristic of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

What is the term for the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

What is the role of the active site in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

What is the benefit of enzymes increasing the rate of chemical reactions?

What is the characteristic of a reaction that occurs under physiological conditions?

What is the term for the unstable arrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction?

What percentage of enzymes are proteins?

What does the size of Km tell us about a particular enzyme?

What is the purpose of studying enzyme kinetics?

What is the effect of environmental factors on enzyme function?

What is the characteristic of an enzyme with a high Kcat?

What is the difference between reversible and irreversible inhibitors?

What is the purpose of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?