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Questions and Answers
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by __________ chemical reactions.
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by __________ chemical reactions.
What are the molecules upon which enzymes may act called?
What are the molecules upon which enzymes may act called?
In enzyme specificity, a small change in the shape of the substrate can cause a major change in the behavior of the __________.
In enzyme specificity, a small change in the shape of the substrate can cause a major change in the behavior of the __________.
What does allostery refer to in terms of enzyme function?
What does allostery refer to in terms of enzyme function?
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What is the term for enzymes that have an additional allosteric site besides the active site?
What is the term for enzymes that have an additional allosteric site besides the active site?
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What is the special pocket in enzymes that has a high specificity?
What is the special pocket in enzymes that has a high specificity?
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Which class of enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of DNA and RNA?
Which class of enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of DNA and RNA?
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What type of reaction do ATPases catalyze?
What type of reaction do ATPases catalyze?
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What is the term for the metabolically active form of vitamins often required by enzymes?
What is the term for the metabolically active form of vitamins often required by enzymes?
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What role does the active site play in enzyme catalysis?
What role does the active site play in enzyme catalysis?
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Which point in a reaction pathway is considered the highest energy point?
Which point in a reaction pathway is considered the highest energy point?
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What suffix is most commonly used in enzyme nomenclature?
What suffix is most commonly used in enzyme nomenclature?
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What is the primary function of apoenzyme in enzyme catalysis?
What is the primary function of apoenzyme in enzyme catalysis?
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In enzyme nomenclature, what type of name is used when an enzyme must be identified without ambiguity?
In enzyme nomenclature, what type of name is used when an enzyme must be identified without ambiguity?
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Which class of enzymes catalyzes reactions involving the oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another?
Which class of enzymes catalyzes reactions involving the oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another?
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What type of enzyme catalyzes the rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule?
What type of enzyme catalyzes the rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule?
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Which enzyme removes phosphates from molecules?
Which enzyme removes phosphates from molecules?
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What is the difference between an enzyme with the suffix -ase and one with the suffix -synthase?
What is the difference between an enzyme with the suffix -ase and one with the suffix -synthase?
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In enzyme nomenclature, what do dehydrogenases catalyze?
In enzyme nomenclature, what do dehydrogenases catalyze?
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Which term refers to the protein part of an enzyme molecule without its cofactor?
Which term refers to the protein part of an enzyme molecule without its cofactor?
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What is the primary function of an enzyme cofactor?
What is the primary function of an enzyme cofactor?
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Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions by:
Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions by:
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Which property of enzymes allows them to be highly specific in their substrate recognition?
Which property of enzymes allows them to be highly specific in their substrate recognition?
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In enzyme nomenclature, what do the letters 'ES' represent in the reaction E + S ES?
In enzyme nomenclature, what do the letters 'ES' represent in the reaction E + S ES?
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What type of regulation occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, altering its activity?
What type of regulation occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, altering its activity?
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Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in life processes?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in life processes?
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What is the function of cofactors in enzyme catalysis?
What is the function of cofactors in enzyme catalysis?
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Enzymes that are found in specific organelles in the cell contribute to what property that helps avoid competition for substrates or create more favorable conditions?
Enzymes that are found in specific organelles in the cell contribute to what property that helps avoid competition for substrates or create more favorable conditions?
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What is the term used for the complete, catalytically active form of an enzyme with its bound cofactor?
What is the term used for the complete, catalytically active form of an enzyme with its bound cofactor?
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Which term refers to the molecules that are acted upon by enzymes during catalytic reactions?
Which term refers to the molecules that are acted upon by enzymes during catalytic reactions?
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Study Notes
Enzymes: General Concepts
- Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions in biological systems.
- They play a fundamental role in metabolic events, signal transduction, and cell regulation.
- Enzymes have a high degree of specificity for their substrates and accelerate chemical reactions tremendously without being changed or used up during the process.
Enzyme Binding and Specificity
- The binding of enzymes to substrates is very specific, with small changes in the shape of the ligand/substrate causing major changes in protein behavior.
- Complementary shape recognition plays a major role in information transfer.
- Allostery is the ability of a protein to change shape, resulting in a change in binding affinity at a different binding site.
Classes of Enzymes
- Polymerases: catalyze polymerization reactions such as DNA and RNA synthesis.
- Proteases: break down proteins by hydrolyzing bonds between amino acids.
- Kinases: catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to molecules.
- ATPases: hydrolyze ATP.
- Synthases: synthesize molecules in anabolic reactions by condensing two smaller molecules together without using ATP.
- Phosphatase: catalyze the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate group from a molecule.
Properties and Characteristics of Enzymes
- Active sites: enzymes contain a special pocket called the active site, which has high specificity and contains amino acid side chains that participate in substrate binding and catalysis.
- Enzymes are reusable, sensitive to pH changes, and denatured by high heat.
- They can be inhibited by poison.
- Catalytic efficiency: reactions catalyzed by enzymes are 10^3-10^8 times faster than uncatalyzed reactions.
- Specificity: enzymes interact with one or very few substrates and catalyze only one type of chemical reaction.
Location and Compartmentalization of Enzymes
- Many enzymes are located in specific organelles in the cell and in specific cells, enabling compartmentalization and isolation of reactions.
Enzymatic Diagnosis
- Testing for specific enzymes provides information about the organs and tissues in the body as well as the metabolic state of the animal.
- Examples of enzymes used in diagnosis include ALT, ALP, Amylase, Lipase, CK, and AST.
The Transition State
- The active site acts as a molecular template that binds the substrate and initiates its conversion to the transition state.
- The transition state is the form the substrate must take before it becomes a product.
- Enzymes stabilize the transition state, increasing the concentration of the reactive intermediate that can be converted to product, accelerating the reaction.
Nomenclature of Enzymes
- Recommended names: short names with the suffix '-ase' attached to the substrate of the reaction.
- Systematic names: more complete, complex, and used when an enzyme must be identified without ambiguity.
- Examples of enzymes with trivial names include LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and ATPase.
Major Classes of Enzymes
- Oxidoreductases: catalyze reactions in which one molecule is oxidized while the other is reduced.
- Transferases: transfer carbon, nitrogen, or phosphate groups.
- Hydrolases: catalyze a hydrolytic cleavage reaction.
- Lyases: catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-S, and C-N bonds.
- Isomerases: catalyze the rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule.
- Ligases: join two molecules in an energy-dependent process.
Industrial Applications of Enzymes
- Biofuel production
- Agricultural industry (animal feed additives, fertilizers…)
- Fermentations (transformation of raw materials)
- Biotransformations (transformation of defined precursors to a desired target product)
- Pharmaceutical industry (synthesis & modification of antibiotics & medicines)
- Diagnosis of disease (increased or decreased concentrations of enzyme activity)
- Treatment of disease (e.g., enzyme replacement therapy)
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Description
Test your knowledge on enzyme nomenclature with a focus on the suffix -ase and systematic names. Learn about the major classes of enzymes and how they catalyze reactions. Part 1 of the quiz series.
