Enzyme Function and Characteristics
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Enzyme Function and Characteristics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary storage form of carbohydrates in plants?

  • Starch (correct)
  • Fructose
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
  • What type of sugars are pentoses?

  • 4 carbon sugars
  • 6 carbon sugars
  • Monosaccharides with variable carbon count
  • 5 carbon sugars (correct)
  • During the transcription process, which nucleotide pairs with Adenine in RNA?

  • Thymine
  • Uracil (correct)
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Which of the following is an example of an oligosaccharide?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the transcription process?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which purine is described as 2-amino-6-oxypurine?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about recessive inheritance is true?

    <p>Traits require two copies of a gene to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of rifampicin in relation to RNA synthesis?

    <p>It acts as an inhibitor of RNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of nucleic acids in biological systems?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is optimal at a temperature of 57°C?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA is characterized as having a left-handed helix?

    <p>Z-DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Koshland's Induced Fit Theory, what occurs when a substrate binds to an enzyme?

    <p>The active site adjusts for a better substrate fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?

    <p>Hydrophobic tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can inhibit enzyme activity?

    <p>Antimetabolites like sulfanilamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for conformational changes in an enzyme during substrate binding?

    <p>To facilitate the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal ion is NOT listed as a common cofactor affecting enzyme activity?

    <p>Hematite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main products of fermentation?

    <p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of glycogen storage diseases predominantly affect the liver?

    <p>Type I, III, and VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered the 4 P's of Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and persistence of non-healing wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Typically underweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glucose transporters in cells?

    <p>Facilitate the transport of glucose across cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzymes contain a non-protein group essential for their activity?

    <p>Conjugated Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do enzymes affect the activation energy of a reaction?

    <p>They lower the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that the enzyme's active site is a perfect fit for the substrate?

    <p>Lock and Key Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes non-protein molecules that assist with enzyme function?

    <p>Cofactors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate?

    <p>Enzyme-Substrate Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?

    <p>Most enzymes are soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme class is primarily responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of compounds by adding water?

    <p>Hydrolases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs to enzymes when the pH level varies significantly?

    <p>Their activity can change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of epimers?

    <p>They differ in configuration at only one specific carbon atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes polysaccharides?

    <p>Some polysaccharides are insoluble in water, such as cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is NOT effective in hydrolysis?

    <p>Radioactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property describes reducing sugars?

    <p>They can donate electrons due to a free aldehyde or ketone group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common monosaccharides are considered epimers of each other?

    <p>Glucose and Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monosaccharides and oligosaccharides typically appear?

    <p>They are typically white crystalline solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is true?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate, and Heparin are examples of GAGs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the hydrolysis of lactose?

    <p>Galactose and Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Enzyme Function and Characteristics

    • Enzymes act as biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions.
    • They are primarily proteins, though some are RNA (ribozymes).
    • Function by lowering activation energy necessary for reactions.

    Types of Enzymes

    • Simple Proteins: Made only of amino acids.
    • Conjugated Proteins: Contain non-protein components essential for activity, e.g., flavoproteins with FAD.

    Properties of Enzymes

    • Most are water-soluble and have pH-dependent activity.
    • Require cofactors, often metal ions (e.g., zinc, magnesium) for effective function.

    Mechanism of Action

    • Enzymes form an enzyme-substrate complex upon binding with substrates.
    • Transform substrates into products, releasing enzymes unchanged.

    Activation Energy

    • Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, facilitating quicker catalysis.

    Theories of Enzyme Action

    • Lock and Key Theory: Active site perfectly fits the substrate.
    • Induced Fit Theory: Enzyme adjusts shape to better accommodate the substrate.

    Examples of Enzymes

    • Synthetases: Catalyze compound synthesis.
    • Ligases: Join two molecules.
    • Hydrolases: Break down compounds using water.

    Important Concepts

    • Cofactors: Essential non-protein helpers.
    • Prosthetic Groups: Tightly bound non-polypeptide units.
    • Substrate: The reactant that binds to the enzyme.

    Enzyme-Substrate Interaction

    • Complementary structures enable enzyme-substrate binding.
    • Binding leads to a catalytic reaction and product release.

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    • Describes processes of DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation.

    Nucleic Acids Overview

    • Store and transmit genetic information, with two main types:
      • DNA: Contains genetic material; exists as a B-form under normal conditions.
      • RNA: Involved in protein synthesis.

    Structure of Nucleotides

    • Composed of phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), and nitrogenous base.
    • Nitrogenous bases categorized into pyrimidines (C, T, U) and purines (A, G).

    Transcription Process

    • Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to DNA to synthesize mRNA.
    • Elongation: Nucleotides added to mRNA following base pairing rules.
    • Termination: RNA polymerase detaches upon reaching a stop sequence.

    Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

    • Concentrations of substrates and enzymes.
    • Temperature influences; lactase optimal at 57°C, trypsin at 1.8°C.
    • Presence of cofactors like metal ions.
    • Inhibitors (e.g., antimetabolites like sulfanilamide) can hinder activity.
    • Environmental pollutants (mercury, cadmium, lead) affect enzyme function.

    Carbohydrates Overview

    • Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, providing energy.
    • General formula: Cn(H2O)n.

    Storage Forms of Carbohydrates

    • Starch: Primary storage in plants.
    • Glycogen: Storage form in animals.

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, e.g., ribose (pentose), glucose (hexose).
    • Oligosaccharides: Short chains of monosaccharides.
    • Polysaccharides: Long chains, e.g., starch and glycogen.

    Properties of Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are typically white, crystalline solids, and water-soluble.

    Biological Significance of Carbohydrates

    • Play a vital role in energy storage, cell structure, and signaling.

    Carbohydrate Deficiencies

    • Marasmus: Result from carbohydrate deficiency leading to body shrinkage.
    • Insulin regulates carbohydrate metabolism.

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Type 1: Onset usually in childhood; often underweight.
    • Type 2: Generally occurs in adults; often hereditary.
    • Four key symptoms (the 4 P's): Polydipsia, Polyuria, Polyphagia, Persistence of non-healing wounds.

    Pathologies of Diabetes

    • Neuropathy: Impacts nerve functions.
    • Nephropathy: Impairs kidney function.
    • Retinopathy: Affects retina, potentially causing blindness.

    Summary of Key Concepts

    • Understanding enzyme characteristics and nucleic acid roles is vital for comprehending biological processes.
    • Awareness of carbohydrate classifications and related health issues like diabetes aids in recognizing metabolic functions and disorders.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on enzymes, their types, and functions. This quiz covers the basics of enzyme activity, including definitions of simple and conjugated proteins, and their roles as biological catalysts. Perfect for biology students looking to understand enzyme behavior.

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