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Questions and Answers
What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?
What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?
Which nitrogen base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Which nitrogen base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
What is indicated by a higher concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution?
What is indicated by a higher concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution?
What role do sodium ions play in the body?
What role do sodium ions play in the body?
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What property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to provide a cooling effect during evaporation?
What property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to provide a cooling effect during evaporation?
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What happens to the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions beyond the optimum temperature?
What happens to the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions beyond the optimum temperature?
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How does pH affect enzyme functionality?
How does pH affect enzyme functionality?
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What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity?
What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity?
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What occurs when competitive reversible inhibitors are present in higher concentrations?
What occurs when competitive reversible inhibitors are present in higher concentrations?
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Why does increasing enzyme concentration eventually cease to affect reaction rates?
Why does increasing enzyme concentration eventually cease to affect reaction rates?
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How do non-competitive reversible inhibitors affect enzyme reactions?
How do non-competitive reversible inhibitors affect enzyme reactions?
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What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?
What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?
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What distinguishes DNA from RNA in terms of functionality?
What distinguishes DNA from RNA in terms of functionality?
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Study Notes
Enzyme-Controlled Reactions
- Temperature: Reaction rate increases with rising kinetic energy up to an optimum temperature. Above this, the enzyme denatures, reducing the rate.
- pH: pH affects enzyme shape, disrupting bonds in the tertiary structure. Different enzymes have different optimal pH levels (e.g., pepsin in the stomach).
- Enzyme Concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration initially boosts the rate by providing more active sites; however, exceeding a certain point has no further effect because substrate concentration becomes limiting.
- Substrate Concentration: An increase in substrate concentration boosts the rate as more enzyme-substrate complexes form. Further increase past a point is ineffective as enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor.
- Competitive Inhibitors: Increasing the concentration of reversible competitive inhibitors slows the reaction by temporarily blocking active sites, preventing substrate binding.
- Non-Competitive Inhibitors: Increasing the concentration of non-competitive inhibitors slows the reaction by altering the enzyme's overall shape (not just the active site).
DNA and RNA
- Structure: Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides contain a 5-carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
- DNA Nucleotides: Consist of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine).
- RNA Nucleotides: Consist of ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil).
- Function: DNA carries genetic information; RNA transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are comprised of ribosomal RNA and proteins.
Water
- Hydrogen bonding: Water has a high latent heat of vaporization, meaning evaporation cools with minimal water loss (e.g., sweating).
- Cohesion: Strong cohesion enables efficient water transport in tube-like structures like xylem. Cohesion supports water columns, and high surface tension at the water-air boundary results.
Inorganic Ions
- Inorganic ions exist in the cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms; some are high-concentration, while others are low.
- Hydrogen ions (H+): Determine pH of substances like blood; higher hydrogen concentration, lower pH.
- Iron ions (Fe2+): Component of haemoglobin, an oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells.
- Sodium ions (Na+): Involved in co-transport of glucose and amino acids.
- Phosphate ions (PO43-): Component of DNA and ATP.
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Description
Test your understanding of enzyme-controlled reactions and factors affecting their rates. Explore how temperature, pH, and concentrations influence enzyme activity. This quiz will help reinforce key concepts in biochemistry.
