Ch 9 pp 166-172
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Questions and Answers

In allosteric enzymes, where do allosteric activators and inhibitors bind?

  • Catalytic site
  • Cooperative site
  • Substrate site
  • Allosteric site (correct)

What effect do allosteric effectors have on enzyme-substrate affinity?

  • They decrease it
  • They stabilize it
  • They increase it (correct)
  • They have no effect

How do allosteric enzymes usually exhibit substrate binding?

  • Positive cooperativity (correct)
  • No cooperativity
  • Competitive binding
  • Negative cooperativity

In the 'T' conformation of allosteric enzymes, what is the affinity for substrate?

<p>Low (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conformation does the first substrate molecule change to upon binding in allosteric enzymes?

<p>Relaxed 'R' state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of fashion do allosteric enzymes generally change to the new conformation?

<p>Concerted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the rate-limiting step in metabolic pathways?

<p>It influences flux through the rest of the pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the rate-limiting enzyme in a pathway is inhibited?

<p>Accumulation of the pathway precursor occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does feedback regulation usually involve the rate-limiting enzyme?

<p>Allosteric regulation by the end product of the pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is feed-forward regulation associated with?

<p>Increased supply of substrate to an enzyme with a high Km (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do regulatory enzymes of pathways usually exist as tissue-specific isozymes?

<p>Because regulation matches function in different cell types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GK, the low-affinity enzyme found in the liver?

<p>It is a single-polypeptide chain with one active catalytic site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of enzymes exhibit sigmoidal velocity versus substrate concentration plots?

<p>Allosteric enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do allosteric activators have on enzyme activity?

<p>Increase enzyme activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules regulate rate-limiting enzymes in fuel oxidation pathways?

<p>Allosteric activators ADP and AMP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein kinases in enzyme regulation?

<p>Increase enzyme activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do allosteric effectors compare to competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors in terms of regulation?

<p>Provide stronger regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of covalent modification in enzyme regulation?

<p>To alter enzyme conformation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process directly activates or inhibits enzymes?

<p>Covalent modifications like acetylation and lipid moieties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activates muscle glycogen phosphorylase kinase, aiding in ATP synthesis for muscle contraction?

<p>Ca2+-calmodulin and protein kinase A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the activity of G-proteins by increasing GTP hydrolysis?

<p>GAPs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes conformational changes to activate or inhibit the function of various proteins?

<p>Ca2+-calmodulin binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates a phosphorylation cascade by increasing cAMP levels?

<p>Hormones like epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates various cellular functions through reversible protein association?

<p>G-proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family is NOT part of the Ras superfamily of small G-proteins?

<p>Nit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents premature cleavage of proteins at their sites of synthesis or secretion?

<p>Zymogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the regulation of gene transcription, translation, and messenger RNA stabilization?

<p>Enzyme synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme's maximal capacity in the liver is increased with continued ingestion of ethanol through induction of gene transcription?

<p>MEOS (cytochrome P450-2E1) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are metabolic pathways?

<p>Sequential reactions catalyzed by separate enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may a metabolic pathway have at which an intermediate becomes the precursor for another pathway?

<p>Branch point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Regulation of Enzyme Activity and Metabolic Pathways

  • The Ras superfamily of small G-proteins is divided into five families: Ras, Rho, Arf, Rab, and Ran.
  • These monomeric G-proteins are bound to a lipid membrane through a lipid anchor and regulate the assembly and activity of protein complexes at these sites.
  • Proteolytic cleavage is irreversible and involves zymogens, precursor proteins that must undergo proteolytic cleavage to become fully functional enzymes.
  • Zymogens prevent premature cleavage of proteins at their sites of synthesis or secretion.
  • Enzymes involved in blood clotting, such as fibrinogen and prothrombin, are zymogens that are cleaved to the active form by other proteases.
  • Tissues adjust the rate of protein synthesis to vary the amount of different enzymes present.
  • Regulation of enzyme synthesis occurs through gene transcription, translation, and messenger RNA stabilization, which can be induced or repressed.
  • Protein degradation can be selectively regulated, as seen in skeletal muscle during fasting or infective stress.
  • The regulation of enzyme activity controls metabolic pathways and physiologic processes to match the body’s requirements.
  • The maximal capacity of MEOS (cytochrome P450-2E1) in the liver is increased with continued ingestion of ethanol through induction of gene transcription.
  • Metabolic pathways are a series of sequential reactions catalyzed by separate enzymes, with a common function of converting substrates to end products.
  • Each step in a pathway is usually catalyzed by a separate enzyme, and a pathway may have a branch point at which an intermediate becomes the precursor for another pathway.

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Test your knowledge of enzyme activity regulation and metabolic pathways with this quiz. Explore topics such as zymogens, gene transcription, protein degradation, and the role of small G-proteins in regulating enzyme activity.

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