Environmental Science

Development Activities' Impact on Hydrosphere

• Water pollution is an example of the impact of development activities

Observances and Awareness Days

• Earth Day is observed on April 22nd
• World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5th

Environmental Science

• Ecology is the study of the interrelationship between living organisms and their environment (both physical and biological)

Earth's Environmental Components

• Atmosphere is the largest pollutant receptor
• Atmosphere is the smallest pollutant receptor
• Fresh water constitutes 0.875% of total water

Atmospheric Layers

• Ozone resides in the stratosphere

Lithosphere

• It includes the crust and uppermost mantle
• Timber resources are sourced from it
• The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates

Waste

• Eggshells are biodegradable waste

Atmospheric Conditions

• Weather refers to short-term atmospheric properties at a specific place and time

Biosphere

• The biosphere is a zone consisting of land, water, and air that supports life

Causes of Soil Pollution

• Acid rain is a leading cause of soil pollution

Wildlife

• Wildlife Week is celebrated from October 2nd to 8th

Atmospheric Layers (omitting one)

• Exosphere is not considered a classical layer

Earth's Crust

• The outer soil crust is known as the lithosphere

Environmental Degradation

• Rapid industrialization, population growth, and unplanned urbanization all contribute

Atmospheric Layer Arrangement

• Arranged nearest to farthest from the Earth's surface: Troposphere -> Stratosphere -> Mesosphere -> Thermosphere -> Exosphere

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• High levels indicate microbial contamination

Effluent Standards

• All agencies specify standards for effluent discharge into water bodies

Atmospheric Temperature

• The thermosphere has the hightest temperature

Nitrate Pollution

• Can cause blue baby disease

Water Parameters

• Hardness is a physical quantity parameter of water

Indian Standards for Drinking Water

• IS 10500: 1991

Fluoride Concentration

• The desirable fluoride concentration range in drinking water is 0.5-1.5

Eutrophication

• is the result of plant nutrient accumulation in water bodies

BOD

• Stands for Biological Oxygen Demand

Nutrient-Rich Lakes

• Lakes rich in nutrients are termed eutrophic

Drinking Water pH

• According to Indian standards, drinking water should have a pH between 6.5-8.5

Water Pollution Sources

• Runoff from farms is a non-point water pollution source

Dissolved Oxygen in Water Bodies

• Most aquatic organisms need a minimum dissolved oxygen concentration of 4 mg/liter to survive

Nitrate Limit in Drinking Water

• Nitrate should be no more than 45 mg/liter in drinking water

Non-Waterborne Diseases

• Malaria is not a water borne disease

Nutrient-Poor Lakes

• Lakes that are poor in nutrients are oligotrophic

Hardness in Water and Sink/Receptor of Pollutants

• Hardness arises from calcium and magnesium ions
• Oceans are the major sink

Impacts of Oil Pollution

• Oil in water affects fish by impairing gill function

Oxygen Depletion

• Discharge of organic wastewater reduces dissolved oxygen

Nutrients Causing Eutrophication

• Phosphorus and nitrogen

Itai-Itai Disease

• Was caused by cadmium contaminated rice

Marine Pollution

• Marine pollution major source is oil, heat and organic waste

Fluoride Effect

• Fluoride effects are on teeth, not skin, eyes or liver

Biodegradable Waste

• Is garbage

Minamata Disease

• Is caused by too much methyl mercury in concentrations of water

Fluorosis Disease

• Too much concentration of fluoride

Industrial Effluent BOD

• 30mg/liter is max BOD for industrial discharge

Causes of Water Pollution

• Is due to human water

Factor Responsible for Water Pollution

• Are paper factories

Water Dissolved Solids

• Freshwater less that 1000ml/litre total dissolved solids

Water Hygiene

• Poor water hygiene may cause leprosy, tachoma and conjuctivitis

Safe Drinking Water

• Is potable water

Biomagnification

• Pesticide pollution is it's major cause

Diseases from Polluted Water

• Cholera, acute diarrhoea, typoid and polio

Eutrophication by sewage pollution

• Nutrient enrichment of freshwater bodies

Dissolved Oxygen Levels and Correct Sentences

• Optimum DO in water is 5 to 8 mg/L
• If DO < 4 mg/L then fish will die
• Oligotrophic water has poor nutirents

Non-Point Water Pollutions

• Run off water

Pollutants in water and water treatment

• Methyl mercury causes Minamata
• Runoff form toxic and waste dumps cause Polycholorinated biphenyls
• Oxygen demanding waste (Paper mills and food processing units)
• Acids: mine drainage

Physical Water Quality Parameter

• Turbidity

Soot

• Soot particles come in air by fuel combustion

Airborne Diseases

• Asthma, Bronchitis, Silicosis

Air Pollutant That Reduces Oxygen Capacity

• Carbon monoxide (CO)

Human Breathing

• 22,000 Times

Most Important Indoor Air Pollutant

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Damage to Taj Mahal

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Least Polluting Fuel

• Compressed natural gas (CNG)

Layer Above Troposphere

• Stratosphere

Automobile Exhaust

• Consists of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, CO2, and SO2

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

• Methyl isocyanate leakage

Primary Pollutants (Excluding One)

• PAN is not a primary pollutant

Chemical Reactions and Air Pollution Sources

• Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in sunlight form PAN
• Air pollution sources include point, line, and area sources

Air Pollution Effects

• Increased air pollution leads to respiratory problems and global warming

Pollutants (Examples)

• DDT and aluminum cans a non-biodegradable

Smog Diseases

• Breathing Problems

Particulate Pollutants

• Fly ash

Main Cause of SMOG Smog

• Cause From incinerators and emissions from vehicles

The air quality index

• It estimates air pollution mainly sulfur content in the ai

Contributors of Air Pollution in India

• construction, agricultural dust and agriculture are all contributers

Air Quality-Related Statements

• Necrosis in plant leaf is caused mainly
• Deterioration of leather and paper is due to H2SO4 deposition

Particulate Air Pollutant Size

• 0.02-500 microns

Percentage of transportation sources in the air

• contributes 64% CO

Ozone Layer and Air Pollutants (NOX SO , and CO)

carbon monoxide

• Carbon reacts 200-300 times faster with the hemoglobin

natural sources of air pollution

• Pollen grain

air pollutant- Automobile

• is a line or mobile source of air pollution

Types of pollutants-Dust

• Is particulated matter

Contributor to photochemical smog nitrogen dioxide

• A major contributor

Primary Air Pollutant-Non of these

Unwanted Sound

• Noise

Noise and Sound Levels

• Noise can be from high fequency
• Noise is measured in db
• The accepted noises levels must be at 50-60dB
• The causes of noise pollution include:
  • interferences in commnuication
  • hearing Loss of
  • levels recomended in the countries is 75-80bD
• Threshold of hearing is 0dB and threshold of pain 120dB
• Membrane rapture must happen at 146dB
• Is pollution cause hearing loss is noice pollution.
• Musci is most perleasing.
• Animals face more problems than humans than animals from behaviour
• Sound level, frequency and of noise influence a safe level of noise depend.

Sound Level

• The measurement for measuring Sound level is sound lever meter for intesity

Sound effects

• Effects from the noises has:
  • sleeping interfences
  • speed interfreces
• Sould which causes jarring is always noise.
• A save Leve of noise is depends of noise which its impact human.
• In silence zones by Permitted noise levels (in decibels) 50 db
• All of this must be there is noises 86 dB is 1-C 2-A 3-B 4-B

Noise Pollution Statement

• Statements are about noise pollution are:
  • They have to cause for Cardiovavcular
  • It can use sleeping and behavioral disorders for hearing loss
• All statmestns are correct
• The Intensity of sound is express to watt meters

Non Munincipal Solids

• Non munincipal solids contains Human Excetra

Solid -The municipal Solid waste

• The average generation rate of solidwaste for indian cities is 3-.04 kg/da

Solids ways of the solids waste disposal

• Which it is most important it will cause air issues from Incernation
• sanitary land filling is not area method

types the burning environment

• The solid waste environment most operate without oxygen

Solid Waste Disposal (Oldest Method)

• River are the Odest Method

Pollution due to waste (Generate)

• Generate methanes

Plactis

• The plastics it cant be conpost , and it cant be burn

Problems (Beter Solution)

• Recycling can solve solid problems

Waste Management

• There are four types of waste management:

  -A. Dead plants manure, animal waste agriculture -B. Refrigerator, mobile hazardous -C. Industries, Research institutes. agriculture -D. Paints, Sandpaper e-waste

• Incneration can save vermi cormpost

Soil and Waster

• open Duming is not waste

BioMedical and their properties

• All in most parts.
  • Garbage-B. Putrescible organic waste
  • Rubbish- D. Non-putrescible waste except ashes -Ashes -A. Incombustible waste produced from industries -Leachate -C. Liquid travelled through solid waste

BioMedical Facts

• There are type Bags usef for Medicals is Red Black bag. There are red bad and used for all type of medicine. Black, red and the what are colour code in culture test .

Medical Treatment

• All methods must need 3O degrees to work and can't be over 2 hours

Biomedical

• Types of infections include yellow if it is mixed with chemical, no other way is going to work.

• What are steps, if you expose by infcetious materials? - Do all the tasks like Irrigate it and let your MD now

• Biomedical test ,what happen what you do you ? - Autcloaing Microwaning

Yellow Bags

• All types of chemicals

Syringe Disposal by colors

• The colour depends on the biomedical waste itself

Wastes Facts

-Waster sharps can be treated with Incernation in order to save 361.C

Land

• When you're doing landfiling so the Ground water table is in minimal 100CM

State in India, first biomedical waste state India

• Maharastra

1 Waste- first in cities

• Mumbay

• 2 Rank India
• Which Rank
• What did CBM did for it
• Which are elements , is causes waste- Lead, Cadmimum
• World Contbuted ? It s- Refrrigrators etc, all those stuff
• Which one's not a waste,
• Not an Hazard

What is E Washe?

• E washed has Gold and Sliver (TV's)

Short and easy, long what is over what

The main question is the Main reason we use recycles

• Wasted have all over place, due to it is neededed

Comissions(All those)

What Is, what can i prevent what

• It's it's report

Global Warming

• Increase of the level (1990 -2000) rise to 8 in
• The global warming level what is from Carbon Di oxidation - it is one percent
• This is -12 - what is c13?
• what is a global warm that we have is effect, what
• What is the layer which the ozone, is treated is as - Troposphere
• Carbon monixoze which to enhancement to which green house .carbon? -230
• One To in carbon is to reduction? is 1

Wind is what we call it'all

• It all be known as 45000 MW - This is India's current range of powers -India use

• What is that main power , for bio Mass ? What is an waste -Fibrous waste of the sugar industry

• Renewable what we get is form heated Groundwater.? - solar to energy , what

Achivements

-achivements to prevent is. by public what we need to do
-Renewable most displaces fuel?? Are-space heaing, transportation, and Electric generation

• biomass can be convert methane gas.
• what is that most to constant power we can extract? What is th - desert
• solar ? heat to power to electric to power
• what you can use if it is so, or what ways

The surface what

• The surface what reaches is what ither that reaching or not. - We call that to what? - Solar redations

Q &A

• What does a wind turbine? -30-35
• Name- main water for formations what .? -What is the hottest rock and ? Volcano what are the common is heat ?
• what it all needs for What pulls a power penstock? Gravity force of vloume What is water- Components a plant in power to make water Penistock what component a lot in there to make power with

Is a Tidal Power?

• That all tidal ocean moon's power to sun What power? -That Power. is Hydropower

Land Heat

• The land gets to what it's . Heat is it.?
• first is tidal? When did happen at? is 6 MW

More.

_Solar cell.? .what time .

• solar energy is what we get.? is 1%

Facts more?

• When did all those things happen the solar what.?

-Solar energy is what that get ? To see

When is this one's . And what it calls too earth.? earth

• In. renewable energy which can be from tidal is.all

Where do windy.? desert what is used ? water . what is power? electromagnetic waves used for.? what for solar power? what for ..? what we the solar

Main Reason for Solar Energy and Wind Power

• main use use and is it ?
• What are the main components for this

Solar Power and Other Forms of Power Generation

• all solar can ? what has an what time ? 6
• earth what do we call 1 - solar all and what's

• the reasons as what is why all that goes to what we use
• is sustainment and .can what can lead? what

What happens on a earth ? if all 327

These are some of the key concepts from the text, reorganized and formatted for study purposes. I tried to emphasize the key information while maintaining clarity and conciseness.