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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic of air makes it essential for living organisms?
Which characteristic of air makes it essential for living organisms?
What does the Air Quality Index (AQI) measure?
What does the Air Quality Index (AQI) measure?
Which type of air pollutant source is characterized by localized emissions?
Which type of air pollutant source is characterized by localized emissions?
What is the primary function of extractive monitors in gaseous emissions monitoring?
What is the primary function of extractive monitors in gaseous emissions monitoring?
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Which of the following activities is NOT a common source of air pollutants?
Which of the following activities is NOT a common source of air pollutants?
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What factor can influence the dispersion of air pollutants over large distances?
What factor can influence the dispersion of air pollutants over large distances?
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Which method is utilized in some sulfur dioxide continuous monitors?
Which method is utilized in some sulfur dioxide continuous monitors?
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What distinguishes in-situ systems from extractive systems in gaseous emissions monitoring?
What distinguishes in-situ systems from extractive systems in gaseous emissions monitoring?
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Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide in the air is accurate?
Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide in the air is accurate?
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Which type of absorption spectrometer can monitor gases such as CO and CO2?
Which type of absorption spectrometer can monitor gases such as CO and CO2?
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What are area sources of air pollution typically associated with?
What are area sources of air pollution typically associated with?
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What is a common challenge faced when sampling gas for extractive monitors?
What is a common challenge faced when sampling gas for extractive monitors?
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How does air change with altitude?
How does air change with altitude?
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How do cross-stack monitors operate in gaseous emissions monitoring?
How do cross-stack monitors operate in gaseous emissions monitoring?
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What is a primary component measured by luminescence analyzers?
What is a primary component measured by luminescence analyzers?
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What is the typical path length for in-stack systems in gaseous emissions monitoring?
What is the typical path length for in-stack systems in gaseous emissions monitoring?
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What occurs during the power stroke of an internal combustion engine?
What occurs during the power stroke of an internal combustion engine?
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Which statement accurately describes the intake stroke of an engine?
Which statement accurately describes the intake stroke of an engine?
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What type of monitoring involves instruments that can operate continuously?
What type of monitoring involves instruments that can operate continuously?
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What is the role of the exhaust stroke in an internal combustion engine?
What is the role of the exhaust stroke in an internal combustion engine?
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Which of these is characteristic of manual monitoring in air quality assessment?
Which of these is characteristic of manual monitoring in air quality assessment?
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What is indicated by the term 'stoichiometric air to fuel ratio'?
What is indicated by the term 'stoichiometric air to fuel ratio'?
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In the context of air pollution instrumentation, what distinguishes extractive monitors?
In the context of air pollution instrumentation, what distinguishes extractive monitors?
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What is a common characteristic of both manual and continuous monitoring systems?
What is a common characteristic of both manual and continuous monitoring systems?
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What is the primary use of non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzers (NDUV)?
What is the primary use of non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzers (NDUV)?
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Which method is NOT typically associated with electroanalytical monitors?
Which method is NOT typically associated with electroanalytical monitors?
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Which luminescence technique is used specifically for SO2 analysis?
Which luminescence technique is used specifically for SO2 analysis?
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What mechanism of air exchange occurs when windows or doors are purposely opened?
What mechanism of air exchange occurs when windows or doors are purposely opened?
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What does chemiluminescence involve in its measurement?
What does chemiluminescence involve in its measurement?
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Which type of analyzer is specifically designed to detect sulfur compounds?
Which type of analyzer is specifically designed to detect sulfur compounds?
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What is a significant factor in reducing indoor health concerns?
What is a significant factor in reducing indoor health concerns?
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Which of the following is NOT a method for air exchange in buildings?
Which of the following is NOT a method for air exchange in buildings?
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What is the primary purpose of manual monitoring in air pollution control?
What is the primary purpose of manual monitoring in air pollution control?
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Which method utilizes basic equipment and sampling procedures for air pollution monitoring?
Which method utilizes basic equipment and sampling procedures for air pollution monitoring?
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What key component differentiates Method 17 from Method 5?
What key component differentiates Method 17 from Method 5?
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What was a primary reason for the shift from the ASME to the EPA methodology?
What was a primary reason for the shift from the ASME to the EPA methodology?
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Which organization developed the 'ASME Train' for testing stack gas concentrations?
Which organization developed the 'ASME Train' for testing stack gas concentrations?
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Which of the following is NOT a piece of basic equipment used in Method 5?
Which of the following is NOT a piece of basic equipment used in Method 5?
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What does the EPA methodology specifically aim to improve in source testing programs?
What does the EPA methodology specifically aim to improve in source testing programs?
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Which particles were specifically targeted for improved capture efficiency in the EPA methodology?
Which particles were specifically targeted for improved capture efficiency in the EPA methodology?
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What induces forced ventilation in a building?
What induces forced ventilation in a building?
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Which of the following describes infiltration driven by temperature differences?
Which of the following describes infiltration driven by temperature differences?
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What is the typical range for average infiltration rates in residential buildings?
What is the typical range for average infiltration rates in residential buildings?
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What unit is often used to express infiltration rates in residential buildings?
What unit is often used to express infiltration rates in residential buildings?
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How does wind cause infiltration in a building?
How does wind cause infiltration in a building?
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What effect does a continuous plastic sheet vapor barrier have on infiltration rates?
What effect does a continuous plastic sheet vapor barrier have on infiltration rates?
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What happens to air during the winter months in terms of infiltration?
What happens to air during the winter months in terms of infiltration?
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What is a primary difference between wind-driven and stack-driven infiltration?
What is a primary difference between wind-driven and stack-driven infiltration?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: Environmental Science and Engineering
- Course Code: EAAC0423
- Department: Mechanical Engineering
- University: Bataan Peninsula State University
- Instructor: Engr. Andrea Shane M. Torres
- Course Level: BSME (3A, 3B, 3C)
Air
- Mostly a gas, but not just gas as it is important to living things
- Air holds water
- Air changes in composition as altitude increases, acting as a protective cushion
- Air pollution measured by Air Quality Index (AQI)
Air Pollutants
- Pervasive throughout areas, occurring from daily life activities such as transportation, power generation, heating, and waste incineration
- Generated by chemical, manufacturing, and agricultural processing
- Pollutant byproducts are often localized in nearby areas but can be spread over long distances by tall stacks and prevailing winds
- Categorized as point sources, area sources, and mobile sources
Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Designed by EPA to report daily levels of ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide
- Ranges from 0 to 500, and corresponding colors represent different health concerns
- 0-50: Good (Green)
- 51-100: Moderate (Yellow)
- 101-150: Unhealthy for sensitive groups (Orange)
- 151-200: Unhealthy (Red)
- 201-300: Very unhealthy (Purple)
- 301-500: Hazardous (Maroon)
Ozone
- Highly reactive gas composed of three oxygen atoms
- Exists naturally in the stratosphere (upper atmosphere) and troposphere (lower atmosphere)
- In the troposphere, the ozone are categorized as an air pollutant
- It readily reacts with other molecules which damages the respiratory systems
- Excessive exposure can increase air intake and allow ozone molecules to penetrate sensitive areas of the lungs and damage them, causing health risks
Why the Ozone Layer is Important
- Absorbs between 97% to 99% of the ultraviolet radiation (UV-B)
Particulate Matter
- "Fine particles" are less than 2.5 microns in size and require electron microscopy for detection
- Formed by the condensation of molecules into solids or liquid droplets
- "Coarse particles" are between 2.5 and 10 microns in diameter and cannot penetrate as readily as fine particles
- Exposures to sulfur dioxide exacerbate the effects of particulate matter
- Diesel fuel can contain up to 500 ppm by weight of sulfur, increasing the harmful effects of ozone when both gases are present
Dioxin
- Group of compounds causing similar adverse health effects
- Classified as chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
- Can be created through combustion of certain materials, chlorine bleaching of pulp and paper, and certain chemical manufacturing processes
Asbestos
- Generic term for silicate materials occurring in fibrous form
- Fibrous form classified as "chrysotile"
- Air concentrations measured in nanograms per cubic meter; background concentrations usually range from 0 to 10 ng/m³
Motor Vehicle Emissions
- Conventional Otto Cycle Engine is a four-stroke, spark-ignited, piston engine, invented around 1880 by Nicholas Otto
- The engine processes follows 4 stages of the cycle: Intake, Compression, Power, and Exhaust
Sample Air to Fuel Ratio
- Complete combustion equations in oxygen and in air are provided for C7H13 (a representation of gasoline).
- The ratio between the air and fuel is calculated to 14.5
Stoichiometric Air to Fuel Ratio
- Calculation of the air-to-fuel ratio needed for complete combustion of gasoline
- Ratio is 14.5
Air Pollution Instrumentation
- Used in monitoring source and ambient air quality
- Categorized as manual monitoring and continuous monitoring
- Subdivisions of manual monitoring: Manual monitoring-source instrumentation;
- Subdivisions of continuous monitoring: Opacity monitors; Gaseous emission monitors; Extractive monitors
Continuous Monitoring-Source Instrumentation
- Two basic types of source emission monitoring instrumentation:
- Opacity monitors (Transmissometers)
- Gaseous emission monitors
- Two basic types for opacity monitors:
- Single-pass systems
- Double-pass systems
- Two basic types for gaseous emission monitors:
- In-situ systems
- Extractive systems
Extractive Monitors
- Withdraw a gas sample for analysis
- Three general categories:
- Absorption spectrometers
- Luminescence analyzers
- Electroanalytical monitors
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
- Air quality within and around buildings
- Occurs from different mechanisms:
- Infiltration
- Natural Ventilation
- Forced Ventilation
Infiltration
- Driven by pressure differences between inside and outside of the building
- Influenced by wind and temperature differences
- Can be influenced by openings in the walls, floors, and ceilings
- Infiltration rates expressed in cubic feet per minute (cfm) or air changes per hour (ach)
- Continuous plastic sheet vapor barriers can minimize rates
- Heat-recovery ventilators (HRVs) reduce pollution by transferring heat from outgoing air to incoming air
An Indoor Air Quality Model
- The simple one-box model of a building is considered
- Sources of pollution within the building are characterized by emission rates
- Air entering the building from outside will bring additional pollutants
- Pollutants can be removed by infiltration, ventilation, or a mechanical air-cleaning system.
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts of air composition, pollutants, and the Air Quality Index (AQI) as explored in the Environmental Science and Engineering course. Understand the sources of air pollution and their impact on both local and global scales. Test your knowledge on the essential role of air in environmental science.
