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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of gaseous emissions monitoring?
What is the primary purpose of gaseous emissions monitoring?
What is the highest possible Air Quality Index (AQI) value according to the EPA?
What is the highest possible Air Quality Index (AQI) value according to the EPA?
In-situ systems modify the flue gas composition during measurement.
In-situ systems modify the flue gas composition during measurement.
False
Ozone is solely a natural product found in the Earth's atmosphere.
Ozone is solely a natural product found in the Earth's atmosphere.
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Name one method used in extractive monitors to analyze gas samples.
Name one method used in extractive monitors to analyze gas samples.
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An optical spectrometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of __________.
An optical spectrometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of __________.
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What percentage of ultraviolet radiation does the ozone layer absorb?
What percentage of ultraviolet radiation does the ozone layer absorb?
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Fine particles are particles less than _____ microns in size.
Fine particles are particles less than _____ microns in size.
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Match the type of analyzer with its specific characteristic:
Match the type of analyzer with its specific characteristic:
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Match the following pollutants with their characteristics:
Match the following pollutants with their characteristics:
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Which of the following gases can readily damage the tissues of the respiratory system?
Which of the following gases can readily damage the tissues of the respiratory system?
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Particulate matter is mostly formed by the condensation of molecules into solids or liquid droplets.
Particulate matter is mostly formed by the condensation of molecules into solids or liquid droplets.
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What is the diameter range for coarse particles?
What is the diameter range for coarse particles?
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Dioxins are classified as likely human carcinogens.
Dioxins are classified as likely human carcinogens.
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What do opacity monitors primarily measure?
What do opacity monitors primarily measure?
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What are the three classes of chemicals referred to as dioxin?
What are the three classes of chemicals referred to as dioxin?
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Single-pass opacity systems meet EPA requirements for calibration checks without process shutdown.
Single-pass opacity systems meet EPA requirements for calibration checks without process shutdown.
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The most common internal combustion engine is a four-stroke, spark-ignited, piston engine invented by __________.
The most common internal combustion engine is a four-stroke, spark-ignited, piston engine invented by __________.
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What are the two basic types of gaseous emission monitors?
What are the two basic types of gaseous emission monitors?
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Which of the following emissions can increase the harmful effects of ozone?
Which of the following emissions can increase the harmful effects of ozone?
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A __________ system incorporates a light source on one side of the stack and a detector on the opposite side.
A __________ system incorporates a light source on one side of the stack and a detector on the opposite side.
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Asbestos concentrations are measured in grams per cubic meter.
Asbestos concentrations are measured in grams per cubic meter.
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Match the following types of opacity monitors with their description:
Match the following types of opacity monitors with their description:
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What is the chemical structure classification of the fibrous form of asbestos known as chrysotile?
What is the chemical structure classification of the fibrous form of asbestos known as chrysotile?
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What type of system is most likely to satisfy EPA design criteria?
What type of system is most likely to satisfy EPA design criteria?
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Gaseous emission monitors can only measure one specific gaseous component at a time.
Gaseous emission monitors can only measure one specific gaseous component at a time.
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The diesel fuel used in vehicles can contain up to __________ ppm by weight of sulfur.
The diesel fuel used in vehicles can contain up to __________ ppm by weight of sulfur.
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What type of reflectance is used in a double-pass opacity system?
What type of reflectance is used in a double-pass opacity system?
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Match the following emissions to their characteristics:
Match the following emissions to their characteristics:
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One type of in-situ monitor is __________ monitor.
One type of in-situ monitor is __________ monitor.
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What is the primary purpose of opacity monitors?
What is the primary purpose of opacity monitors?
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What happens during the 'Power' stroke of an engine cycle?
What happens during the 'Power' stroke of an engine cycle?
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The exhaust valve is open during the compression stroke.
The exhaust valve is open during the compression stroke.
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What is the purpose of the intake valve in an engine?
What is the purpose of the intake valve in an engine?
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The ______ ratio is crucial for achieving complete combustion in an engine.
The ______ ratio is crucial for achieving complete combustion in an engine.
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Match the type of air pollution instrumentation with its description:
Match the type of air pollution instrumentation with its description:
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What distinguishes extractive monitors from other types of monitoring?
What distinguishes extractive monitors from other types of monitoring?
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The stoichiometric air to fuel ratio is necessary for incomplete combustion.
The stoichiometric air to fuel ratio is necessary for incomplete combustion.
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During which stroke does the spark ignite the air/fuel mixture?
During which stroke does the spark ignite the air/fuel mixture?
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The process of ______ involves burning of an air-fuel mixture to produce power.
The process of ______ involves burning of an air-fuel mixture to produce power.
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Which stage of the engine cycle follows the compression stroke?
Which stage of the engine cycle follows the compression stroke?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: Environmental Science and Engineering
- Course Code: EAAC0423
- Department: Mechanical Engineering
- University: Bataan Peninsula State University
- Instructor: Engr. Andrea Shane M. Torres
- Course Level: BSME (3A, 3B, 3C)
Air
- Primarily a gas, but not just any gas
- Essential for life on Earth
- Can be beneficial and harmful
- Contains water vapor
- Properties change with altitude
- Protects Earth from some harmful radiation
- Air quality is measured by the Air Quality Index (AQI)
Air Pollutants
- Pollutants stem from daily activities
- Including transportation, energy generation, and waste management
- Chemical, manufacturing, and agricultural activities can produce air pollution
- Pollutants are often localized or may be dispersed over larger distances by prevailing winds
- Classified by emission characteristics: point, area, and mobile sources.
Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Created by the EPA
- Reports daily levels of pollutants
- Uses a scale from 0 to 500, which correlates to different health concerns
- Each level of AQI has a color associated with it.
Ozone
- Highly reactive gas with three oxygen atoms
- Exists in both the stratosphere (upper atmosphere) and the troposphere (lower atmosphere).
- Important for filtering harmful UV radiation in the stratosphere
- Can harm the respiratory system at ground level
Particulate Matter
- Tiny particles
- Microscopic to coarse sizes
- Formed through condensation or mechanical breakdown
- Can penetrate the respiratory system when inhaled Can exacerbate the effects of other pollutants, like sulfur dioxide.
Sulfur Dioxide
- Often found alongside particulate matter
- Diesel fuel can contain high levels of sulfur
- Combined effects can increase harmful health risks
Dioxins
- Group of compounds with similar adverse health effects
- Found in certain industrial processes and combustion
- Classified as potential carcinogens
Asbestos
- Generic term for fibrous silicate minerals
- Some forms can cause respiratory issues
- Background concentrations are generally low (0-10ng/m³)
Motor Vehicle Emissions
- Internal combustion engines are four-stroke engines
- Invented around 1880 by Nicholas Otto
- Exhaust emissions are harmful to the environment
Sample Air to Fuel Ratio
- Chemical reactions for complete combustion
- Formulas for combustion in oxygen and air environments are provided
Stoichiometric Air to Fuel Ratio
- Calculated air-to-fuel ratio required for complete combustion of gasoline
- Numerical example with calculations included
Air Pollution Instrumentation
- Utilized for assessing source and ambient air quality.
- Includes manual and continuous monitoring methods
Manual Monitoring - Source Instrumentation
- Methods like Method 5
- Used to determine compliance with air pollution regulations
- Basic equipment involved: impingers, dry gas meters, pumps
Continuous Monitoring - Source Instrumentation
- Two basic types: opacity monitors and gaseous emission monitors
- Opacity monitors measure light transmittance
- Gaseous emission monitors measure gaseous component concentrations
- Multiple subcategories for both types of monitors
Extractive Monitors
- Withdrawal of gas samples from the main exhaust stream
- Three general categories: absorption spectrometers, luminescence analyzers, electroanalytical monitors
- Specific types of analyzers are mentioned (e.g., NDIR, NDUV)
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
- Relates to air quality within and around buildings
- Influenced by infiltration, natural ventilation, and forced ventilation
- Infiltration is from natural pressure differences, temperature, and wind.
- Ventilation is intentional and through doors, windows and mechanical systems
Infiltration
- Pressure differences between indoors and outdoors
- Temperature differences can cause it
- Stack effect occurs due to temperature differences
- Rates are expressed per hour (e.g., ACH)
- Continuous plastic sheet barriers for minimizing infiltration
Heat-recovery ventilator (HRV)
- Mechanical system transferring heat from outgoing to incoming air
- Reduces indoor pollution
- Efficient heat exchange
Indoor Air Quality Model
- Simplistic model describing sources, volume, decay, and exfiltration of pollutants
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Description
Test your knowledge on the properties of air, the various air pollutants, and the significance of the Air Quality Index (AQI). This quiz is designed for students enrolled in the Environmental Science and Engineering course. Explore how human activities impact air quality and understand the classifications of air pollutants.
