Environmental Management and Policy

Environmental Management

• Environmental protection is deeply rooted in Indian culture.
• Environmental concerns were not a primary focus during the Pre-Independence Era (before 1947).
• The Indian Constitution in 1950 did not specifically address environmental issues.
• The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 prompted the Indian government to take broader environmental protection measures.
• India's environmental policy was shaped in the 1970s and 1980s wEnvironmental obligations were included in the constitution and federal laws were framed.

Environmental Policy

• Environmental policy includes actions to manage human activities to prevent, reduce, or mitigate harmful effects on nature and natural resources.
• It ensures that man-made environmental changes do not harm humans (McCormick 2001).
• Aligns organizations with environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
• ISO 14001 standard defines environmental policy as the overall environmental performance intentions formally expressed by top management.
• Environmental issues encompass air, soil, and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem management, biodiversity maintenance, and the protection of natural resources, wildlife, and endangered species.

Benefits of Environmental Policy

• Publicly advertising environmental performance and commitment to improvement.
• Providing clear direction to stakeholders regarding environmental status and objectives.

Environmental Legislation

• Environmental Law is a state, federal, and international treaty body of law concerning environmental issues and natural resource protection.
• Environmental law regulates human activities' impact on air, water, land, flora, and fauna.
• Environmental legislation protects the environment from harmful actions.
• Needed to safeguard from degradation and pollution.
• Needed to curb destructive practices of unscrupulous people, forest mafia groups, poachers, and polluters, and to prevent overexploitation of environmental resources.

Constitutional Provisions

• In 1976, the Forty-Second Amendment Act added Article 51A(g) to the Indian Constitution.
• Article 51-A (g) outlines citizens' duties to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife. Also to have compassion for living creatures.
• Article 48A of the Directive Principles of State Policy states the State shall protect & improve the environment & safeguard forests & wildlife.
• At the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment a declaration was made by Indira Gandhi, who was Prime Minister of India at the time, stating the natural resources of the earth must be safeguarded for the benefit of current and future generations.
• At the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment it was argued that nature conservation must be prioritized in planning for economic development.

Key UN Conferences and Commissions

• UN Conference on Human Environment (UNCHE):
• In 1972, participants adopted principles for environmental management.
• Adopted the Stockholm Declaration and Action Plan for the Human Environment, along with several resolutions.
• The Action Plan consisted of three main categories:
• Global Environmental Assessment Programme
• environmental management activities
• international measures to support assessment and management activities at national and international levels
• Held in Stockholm June 5-14, 1972, and known as the Stockholm Conference.
• Pioneering international conference focused on environmental issues.
• Led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). UNEP coordinates global sustainability efforts, safeguard the natural environment, and declared June 5 as World Environment Day.
• Adopted Stockholm Declaration containing 26 principles on environment and development.
• Created by the United Nations in 1983. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED):
• Brundtland Commission is another name for it.
• Creation of a united international community with sustainability goals. Identifying sustainability problems worldwide, raising awareness and suggesting solutions.
• The commission released "Our Common Future" in 1987, also known as the Brundtland Report. It popularized and defined sustainable development.
  • UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED):
• Held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3-14, 1992, and called the "Earth Summit."
• The theme was environment and sustainable development.
• Outcomes included Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration, the Statement of Forest Principles, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
• Brought to light the interdependence of many social, economic and environmental element
• Rio 'Earth Summit' sought to formulate a broad agenda and a new blueprint for international action on environmental and development issues to help guide policy in the twenty-first century.
  • The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD):
• WSSD is also known as Rio +10.
• From August 26 to September 4, 2002, it occurred. Adopted Political Declaration Implementation Plan in Johannesburg.
• Development considers environmental respect in the provisions.
• The summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
  Had over a hundred heads of state and government.
• Resulted in decisions about water, energy, health, farming, and biodiversity.
• Represented an opportunity to strengthen health's role in sustainable development
  • Sustainable development was recognized in 1987 through the World Commission on Environment and Development through the publishing of "Our Common Future". Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
  • Blueprint for achieving sustainable development by Agenda 21 is a result of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

Components of Sustainable Development

• Economic sustainability
• Social sustainability
• Ecological sustainability Sustainable Development - economic and social development which are conducted without causing environmental degradation.

UN Conference

• United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
• Took place from June 20-22, 2012 in Rio de Janeiro.
• Resulted in a document with practical steps for sustainable development implementation.
• Member States launched a process at the Conference to develop Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• The SDGs build on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and converge with the post-2015 development agenda.
• Green economy policies and a strategy for financing sustainable development were adopted.

Convention Details

• Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP):
• Seeks to prevent and reduce long-range transboundary air pollution.
• Aims to combat air pollutant discharge through knowledge sharing, consultation, research, and monitoring.
• Opened for signature November 13, 1979.
• Went into effect March 16, 1983.
• LRTAP exists as a convention in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
• The first regional environmental convention.
• It reduced key harmful pollutants in Europe and North America.
• CLRTAP was extended by 8 Protocols over 30 years. Intends to set release reduction targets. Aims at releases protection for pollutants like sulfur, nitrogen oxide, POPs, VOCs, ammonia & toxic heavy metals.
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
• The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a legally binding international treaty.
• Opened for signature on June 5th 1992 during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro
• Took effect December 29th 1993
• Is now one of the most widely ratified international treaties on environmental issues, with 194 member countries.
• The Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted at the 2010 Conference of Parties (COP) in Nagoya, Japan, in October.
• The main aim is developing national strategies for the conservation and sustainability of biodiversity.
• Goals include conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits.
• Greatest achievement: generating interest in biodiversity in developed and developing countries. Biodiversity seen as a critical environmental and development issue

Nagoya Protocol

• The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity is a supplementary agreement to the CBD
• Applies to resources covered by the CBD and benefits from their use.
• Also covers traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources in the CBD
• The objective is the fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources utilization Benefits include access to resources, technology transfer, rights consideration and funding
• It creates legal certainty and transparency for genetic resource providers and users by:
• Establishing predictable access.
• Helping to ensure benefit-sharing when resources leave the providing country.

Cartagena Protocol

• Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted January 29, 2000. In force since September 11, 2003
• A helpful international environmental agreement on biodiversity.
• To ensure safety when handling living organisms from biotechnology. The objective is to minimize adverse effects on biodiversity and human health. Transboundary movements are a focus

CITIES

• CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is agreement among governments. It aims to regulate or ban international trade in species under threat,and protect endangered plants and animals.
• Concerned about unregulated trade so governments adopted CITES in 1973. Entered into force in 1975
• International trade is regulated in over 36,000 species of plants and animals (including products/derivatives), for survival in the wild with positive benefits for people/ global environment.

TRIPS Agreement

• TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO)
• It was adopted in April 1994 and entered into force in January 1995
• For the first time, TRIPS introduced intellectual property law into the multilateral trading system and continues to be its most comprehensive multilateral agreement on the topic to date.
• TRIPS establishes minimum standards for the availability, scope, and use of 7 forms of intellectual property: copyrights, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, layout designs for integrated circuits, and undisclosed information (trade secrets).

Vienna Convention

• An agreement where nations cooperate on ozone research, assessments, information exchange, and preventive measures.
• Adopted March 22, 1985; Enforced September 22, 1988.
• It provides the forum for scientific research on the ozone layer.
• Promotes cooperation in the sharing of human ozone effects.
• Outlines measures like adoption of legislative/administrative measures, exchange of information, research/scientific assessment & development/transfer of technology

Carbon Trading

• The use of economic incentives to lower emissions is the plan.
• Sometimes known as cap & trade or carbon emissions trading.
• Under cap-and-trade, firms can sell credits to firms above limits.
• Fast-growing voluntary carbon offsets is a carbon reduction strategy. In this global market, companies reduce emissions and act as investment brokers
• Projects exist around the world.
• The European Union's Emissions Trading System (ETS) is the biggest such system.
• Carbon Credit is a permit that lets a country/organization produce emissions. It can be traded if not fully used.
• It is a tradable certificate representing the right to emit one ton of carbon dioxide (tCO2e).

International Organizations

• UN Environment Programme (UNEP) shapes the environmental agenda and promotes sustainable development in the UN system.
• Builds climate change response in countries
• Assesses environments in crises and provides improved management guidance
• Minimizes harmful substances/hazardous waste impact
• Focuses on efficient resource use, production.
• Facilitates ecosystem management consistent with sustainable development.
• Supports sustainable development at all levels; mainstreaming environment in development planning.
  -WHO (World Health Organisation):
• Founded in 1948
• WHO coordinates health within the United Nations system.
• Providing leadership on health issues & engaging in partnerships; shaping the research agenda, providing technical support, building sustainable institutional capacity.
• UNDP works in almost 170 countries/territories
• Works in India since 1951
• Focuses on sustainable development, democratic governance and peace-building, climate and disaster resilience Works to eradicate poverty/exclusion.
• Supports sustainable human development, empowerment
• Assisting developing countries with environmental policies.
• IUCN:
• Is an international organization focused conservation and sustainable use of resources.
• Tackles key ocean/polar challenges like climate change, loss of biodiversity, pollution.
• Supports effective/equitable protected and conserved areas.
• Develops conservation practices, shapes national/global policy.
• Evaluates World Heritage sites, promoting conservation/sustainable development.

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)

• Is the administrative body for India's environmental and forestry policies. Its broad objectives include conserving flora, fauna, forests, and wildlife, prevents/controlling pollution, forestation
• Is concerned with conservation of natural resources, biodiversity and preventing pollution
• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
• Advises on air and water pollution & how to improve air quality.
• Implements national programs on air & water pollution prevention/control.
• Coordinates State operations, resolves disagreements.
• It collects/publishes technical data on pollution & prevention control.
• Aims to organize public pollution awareness programs.
• West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB):
• Is the environmental agency of the State. . - Governed by State to direct investigation, quality & monitor pollutants.
• Governed by Coordination with State and Nation Govt to create schemes with environmental regulations and prevention control with water pollution.

Legislation

• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 to control water pollution and wholesomeness of water which was Amended in 1988.
• As per Act, Central Pollution Board advises Control regarding water, coordinates boards and programs through media.
• State Pollution Control Boards plan prevention program to advice government,execution, training and modify quality of receiving water and classify states.
• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 aims to prevent air pollution in the country.
• The Act expanded authority to include air pollution control.
• PM, lead, VOC, monoxide emissions beyond a limit are prohibited.
• As well the SPCB plans for control/abatement of air pollution and advises Government on implementation of measures.
  • The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986
• Provides a framework for environment regulation- an umbrella for industrial/infrastructure/coastal concerns. Its laws are:
• To regulate industrial locations
• To prescribe procedures for hazardous substances and preventing accidents.
• Government can act necessary action, the state can coordinate, plans can be executed and EIA is required for 29 industries. and there is provision for penalties.
  • The Act provides for the protection of wild animals, birds, plants and its matters or incidental and extends to the whole country except the State of J & K and has own wildlife act.
• As a definition of act: Animal, Wildlife & Hunting. Seeks wildlife protection through the creation of
• National parks, Sanctuaries, Conservation reserves & Community reserves
  • Forest policy and Forest Conservation Act (1980):
• The act permits only unavoidable use of forest.
• Embodies the government's promise to forest.
  • Aims to provide conservation, matters Amendment: the forest officers to be prosecuted to fine Main components are
• Community woodlots, strip plantations & farm forestry

National Green Tribunal (NGT)

• Established Oct. 18 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010.
• An Act to provide for a national green tribunal for disposal of effective protection and compensation for property

Objectives

• Seeks to speed of disposal of people for government laws.

Environmental Movement characteristics

• Referred to as green or conservation movements.
• A social or political drive to conserve or improve the environment.
• Advocates for sustainable resource use via policy changes Range from organized to informal
• Generally focuses on ecological health and human rights issues and covers local to almost global issues.
• Natural resource control is a major reason for environmental movements in India
• There are also socio-economic reasons, government policies, environmental degradation and environmental awareness play a factor

Bishnoi Movement

• took place in Khejarli, Marwar region in Rajasthan
• Leaders: Amrita Devi along with Bishnoi villagers in Khejarli and surrounding villages.
• Aim: Save sacred trees from being cut down by the king's soldiers for a new palace.
• The Bishnoi faith was founded in 1485 by Guru Maharaj Jambaji and says not to harm trees and animals:
• The king rushed to the apologetic village to end logging:

Chipko Movement

• Took place in Chamoli and Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.
• Leaders: Sundarlal Bahuguna, Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi. The objectives were to protect trees on Himalayan slopes from axes of contractor
• Sunderlal Bahuguna taught how the environment which checks trees, soil and makes conditions pure.
• The women of Advani embraced the trees, protesting local access and women faced firings.
• The state began a committee that favored villagers.

Silent Valley Movement

• The Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad protected an evergreen forest. It was a protest from Sughathakumari
• The aim was to protect Silent Valley from the destruction from being being destroyed by a hydroelectricity from KSEB
• It was movement that was to protect forest from Power Projects in Palakkad
• Indira Gandhi protected the Valley and then National Park.

Appiko Movement

• Focused On Forest Actions and Environmental actions in Karnataka in 1983
• Its goals were to protect forest cover, regenerate trees and utilise wealth
• Pandurang launched.
• This movement was is the south version of Chipko and the locals supported using dances and street pays

Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)

• Place: Narmada River, which flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
• A protest over not resettling people from Sarovar Dam: Activists brought down height to to 88 for preservvation.
• It was based nonviolent protest.
• In court, the state approved height with dam in in 90 m

Navdanya

• Is an Indian NGO to protect by diversity, farming and saving
• Vandana Shiva is a founder for the earth. Their food program swaraj to defend democracy: - Navanya made seed back with the same

Environmental Awareness

• 'Anna Swaraj' helps consumers/farmers with organic food.
• 'Bhu Swaraj' protects living soil.
• 'Gyan Swaraj' promotes knowledge, research highlighting species for security while challenging biopiracy in Basmati/Neem/wheat.

Air Quality Standards

• Its objectivies are indicates, protect and to assist on level and the needs
• The WHO Quality suggest levels for key risks in particulates, ozone, for the Environmet namely Carbon Mon/lead
• The European Union has developed the quality standards

Minimal National Standards(MINAS)

• CPCB creates Minimal Standards (MINAS) specific to industries' effluent, emissions, noise, and waste levels. State follows and for industries is defined by achievablity

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS):

• Air quality follows the amount of levels, assist and protect clean air Its objectives are quality indicate and safety over
• CPCB to monitor.is Nationwide Combat Identify living

World Health Organization (WHO)

• Guidelines for air Ambient in reference for tools and was updated 2005 recommend

Air Quality Index (AQI)

• It is air to show pollutants is to affect
• Countries are monitor data

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• Tool to identify project to economic UNEP
• According Associtaion is the process identifying evaluating effect - Origin of EIA traced to (NEPA) in USA.

Objectives of EIA

• To management for all sustainable is in the process and health EIA Principle are to be and to all transparency and cost for the program

Checklist Method:

• Checklist Are generally check affecting: Technique

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• Relate Method action
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Overlay Mapping

• is Transmitted of the overlay that can be used and the area shows

Geographic Information System

• IT display Visual basic to support Environment project
• EIA requires analysis: (1) screen
• project or development, full/partial impact
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  • Assessment requiring Application
• Scope

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Sequestration:

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