Environmental Laws and Pollution Control Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?

  • Conduct on-site inspections of forests
  • Regulate surface water levels
  • Enforce criminal penalties on offenders
  • Provide technical guidance to state boards (correct)

Which entity is responsible for taking samples from any water body for testing?

  • Ministry of Environment
  • Environmental Protection Agency
  • Central Pollution Control Board
  • State Pollution Control Board (correct)

What key provision was added to the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1987?

  • Carbon footprint regulations
  • Noise pollution regulations (correct)
  • Plastic waste management guidelines
  • Water pollution penalties

What must new industries obtain from the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) before starting operations?

<p>Consent with technical details and fees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of the Central Pollution Control Board?

<p>Issuing birth certificates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Environment Protection Act 1986 aim to control in regards to air pollution?

<p>Declaring air pollution control areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as 'environmental pollution' under the Environment Protection Act?

<p>The presence of any harmful substances to the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a guideline advised to industries under the Environment Protection Act focused on effluents?

<p>Incorporating advanced technology for treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major drawbacks regarding the enforcement of environmental legislation mentioned?

<p>Central government powers leading to delays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can public awareness about environmental issues be effectively propagated among students?

<p>By integrating it into their education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor has contributed to public unawareness of environmental impacts according to the content?

<p>Lack of education on environmental aspects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a guideline for hazardous substance management?

<p>Eliminating all forms of hazardous substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do small industries face in terms of effluent treatment plants (ETPs)?

<p>Affordability of operating ETPs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Environmental Protection Act of 1986?

<p>To reduce pollution and protect the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legislation was enacted to specifically address water pollution?

<p>Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred after the Wild Life Protection Act of 1972?

<p>Wildlife management became solely a central government responsibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key outcome of the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment?

<p>Establishment of the World Environmental Day (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Indian constitutional amendment emphasizes the duty of citizens to protect the environment?

<p>42nd Amendment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Article 48A in the Indian Constitution?

<p>It mandates the state to safeguard the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act specifies the appointment of authorities such as wildlife wardens?

<p>Wild Life Protection Act 1972 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acts could be associated with air pollution control?

<p>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the goals of the Forest Conservation Act of 1980?

<p>To conserve forest resources and prevent deforestation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legislation is focused on controlling pollution in bodies of water?

<p>Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Environmental Pollution

Presence of harmful gases, solids, or liquids that are detrimental to the environment.

Hazardous Substance

Any substance with potential to harm living beings and the environment.

Environmental Protection Act (1986)

Indian law aiming to protect the environment, including air, water, and land.

Air pollution control area

Designated area to control air contamination.

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Pollution standards

Maximum permissible levels of pollutants in air, water, and land. (or, Guidelines & limits for air/water/land pollutants).

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Public Awareness

General understanding and concern regarding environmental issues.

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Enforcement Drawbacks

Weaknesses in enforcing environmental laws.

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Cleaner Technologies

Industrial processes using less harmful substances and methods.

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CPCB's Role

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) advises the central government, coordinates with state boards, provides technical guidance, conducts training programs, raises awareness through media, collects data, and creates manuals for pollution control.

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SPCB's Role

The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) advises the state government, conducts activities similar to the CPCB, takes samples for testing, grants consent for new industries, and ensures compliance with pollution regulations.

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What are ETPs?

Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) are facilities designed to treat wastewater and industrial effluents before they are discharged into the environment.

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Air Pollution Definition

Air pollution occurs when harmful substances, like gases, liquids, or solids, are present in the atmosphere at concentrations that are harmful to the environment, plants, and animals.

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Noise Pollution's Addition

Noise pollution was added to the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1987, recognizing its harmful effects on the environment and living beings.

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Consumerism

A theory that consuming more goods is beneficial for the economy. It also describes a strong desire for buying and using goods.

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Problem of improper consumerism

Uncontrolled production can lead to poor quality goods, adulteration causing health issues, bad services creating dissatisfaction, and excessive waste harming the environment.

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Two types of over-population

People over-population means more people than resources, leading to environmental degradation, poverty, and hunger. Consumption over-population means high individual resource consumption, primarily in developed countries.

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Per capita consumption

The average amount of resources each person uses in a particular country or region.

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Impact of consumerism on environment

Consumerism significantly affects the environment. The more people and the more goods they buy, the more resources are used and the more waste is generated, leading to environmental degradation.

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Environmental legislation

Laws and acts created to protect the environment. These include acts regarding wildlife, forest conservation, water and air pollution control, and overall environmental protection.

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UN Conference on Human Environment (1972)

The first major international conference focusing on environmental issues, held in Stockholm. It aimed to promote global awareness and cooperation for environmental protection.

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Article 48A and 51A(g) of Indian Constitution

These articles emphasize the responsibility of the state and individuals to protect the environment, wildlife, and natural resources in India.

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Wild Life Protection Act (1972)

This act transferred wildlife management from states to the central government and established wildlife sanctuaries and parks.

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Indian Board of Wild Life (IBWL)

Established in 1952 to help regulate the protection of wildlife through setting up wildlife sanctuaries and parks.

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Study Notes

Module 6: Social Issues and the Environment

  • Urban problems relate to energy and sustainable development
  • Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management, rehabilitation problems (case studies) are covered
  • Wasteland reclamation, consumerism, and waste products are discussed
  • Environment Protection Act, Air, Water, Wildlife, and Forest Conservation Acts are mentioned
  • Environmental legislation and public awareness are key topics

Sustainable Development

  • The drive for improved quality of life led to environmental issues
  • Development is not just about economic growth; other factors matter for quality of life
  • Economic development has led to overexploitation of natural resources, biodiversity loss, a lack of environmental awareness, and increasing economic differences within and between nations
  • Overfishing is highlighted as a concern for seafood scarcity in 2050

Sustainable Development Definition

  • "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." (Brundtland, G.H.)
  • Sustainable development aims to balance social, environmental, and economic factors

Sustainable Development - Key Aspects

  • Inter-generational Equity: Protecting the environment for future generations
  • Intra-generational Equity: Reducing economic inequality between rich and poor countries

Measures to Achieve Sustainable Development

  • Use locally adaptable, eco-friendly, and culturally appropriate technologies
  • Minimize resource use, reuse resources and recycle
  • Promote environmental education, public awareness, and training
  • Limit resource utilization to carrying capacity

Carrying Capacity

  • The maximum number of individuals a given area can support without degrading the natural, social, cultural, and economic environment
  • Exceeding carrying capacity negatively impacts sustainable development
  • Carrying capacity has supporting (regenerative) and assimilative (tolerance) components

Sustainable Development in Indian Context

  • India's economy grew in the last 50 years, but the rich-poor gap also widened
  • India achieves food self-sufficiency but with increased fertilizer and pesticide use
  • Rapid population growth (17 million yearly) is a challenge
  • Increased industry leads to pollution of land, water, and air
  • Rural-to-urban migration creates strain on urban resources

What Can Be Done?

  • Personal: Consumption patterns, water and energy use, clothing, recreation, yard care, household products, home purchase, vacation planning, family planning, transportation choices
  • Business: Production methods, energy and water use, waste disposal, employee benefits, stockholder relations
  • Community: Building a sustainable development center/organization, running summer schools, conference planning, devotional programs

Urbanization

  • Urbanization is the increase in population in cities due to rural-urban migration
  • Reasons include: job searching, better education, more commodities, and accessible health facilities
  • Urbanization impacts the environment with increased population density, traffic jams, resource strain, greater pollution, decreased aesthetic quality, loss of farmland, biodiversity reduction, increased risk of flooding and ecosystem fragmentation

Urban Energy Problems

  • Urban areas have higher energy consumption than rural areas
  • More than 50% of the world's population lives in urban areas
  • Urban development consumes more energy and produces more waste

Energy Demands in Urban Areas

  • Lightings, transportation, modern electric gadgets, industries, waste disposal, and pollution prevention all require energy

Energy Conservation

  • Search for renewable resources (Tidal, wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, hydrogen cells)
  • Switch off lights/fans, use public transport, use energy-efficient devices, and other measures

Water Conservation and Watershed Management

  • Water conservation practices are crucial
  • Methods include decreasing run-off losses (contour cultivation, conservation bench terracing, water spreading, chemical conditioners, and water storage structures), reducing evaporation losses (asphalt sheets, super slurpers, planting trees), storing water in soil, reducing irrigation losses, reusing water, and stopping wastage (by closing taps, repairing leaks, using low-flush toilets)
  • Increasing block pricing, introducing proper laws, and educating the public to conserve water are important

Rainwater Harvesting

  • Rainwater harvesting is capturing and storing rainwater to recharge groundwater
  • This involves constructing special water harvesting structures (dug wells, percolation pits, lagoons, check dams)
  • Objectives include reducing run-off, avoiding flooding, meeting water demands, raising water tables, reducing contamination, and supplementing groundwater supplies during lean seasons
  • Various methods, including storing in tanks, constructing pits/wells/lagoons, and recharging groundwater, are used
  • Traditional methods, such as lakes, ponds, underground tanks in Rajasthan, and bamboo pipes in the Himalayas, are also highlighted

Watershed

  • A watershed is a delineated area with a well-defined topographic boundary
  • The land area from which water drains to a drainage channel (stream, river)
  • Also called a catchment area, drainage basin, or river basin
  • Watersheds have one well-defined boundary and water outlet

Watershed Degradation

  • Improper land management causes watershed degradation, including overgrazing, mining, deforestation, construction activities, industrialization, shifting cultivation, fires, soil erosion, and local people's ignorance of land conservation

Watershed Management

  • Rational utilization of land and water resources for optimum production with minimal environmental damage
  • Objectives include restoring watersheds, providing water, irrigation, and hydropower, minimizing risks, and developing rural areas

Watershed Management Practices

  • Water harvesting, afforestation/agroforestry, terracing, no-till farming, contour cropping, strip cropping, scientific mining, and public participation are key practices

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Issues

  • Resettlement involves relocating people, typically due to infrastructure projects (dams, mines, national parks)
  • Rehabilitation aims to restore displaced people to a usable position in society, focusing on their cultural and economic well-being
  • Displacement often leads to major societal and livelihood disruptions for displaced tribes and villagers

Need for Resettlement and Rehabilitation

  • Displacement occurs due to dam construction, mining, or national park creation
  • Voluntary migration occurs due to job opportunities, fleeing epidemics, or wars

Displacement of People

  • Development projects often displace people, especially native communities
  • Many are affected by issues from the loss of their homes, work, and ancestral lands.

Wasteland Reclamation

  • Wasteland reclamation involves bringing back unproductive land into productive use after environmental degradation
  • Wasteland includes salt-affected, sandy, gullied, undulating upland, and snow-covered/glacial areas
  • Key reasons for wasteland formation include natural factors (uplands, snow, and saline areas) and anthropogenic factors (deforestation, overgrazing, water logging, poor agricultural practices, industrial pollution, mining)
  • Wasteland reclamation practices include land development and leaching, drainage, proper irrigation practices, crop selection, using gypsum, afforestation, and social forestry programs

Consumerism

  • Consumerism is the theory that increased consumption of goods is economically beneficial
  • It also involves a growing inclination towards the purchase of consumer goods
  • Problems with improper consumerism include uncontrolled food manufacturing, food adulteration, poor service, and waste generation—which leads to natural resource depletion and environmental imbalance
  • Population and lifestyle demands contribute significantly to exponential consumerism

Environmental Legislation

  • Laws and acts protect the environment. Some key acts include
    • Wild Life Protection Act (1972)
    • Forest Conservation Act (1980)
    • Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974)
    • Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981)
    • Environmental Protection Act (1986)

Public Awareness

  • Education should equip people with environmental and pollution knowledge
  • Policymakers need to promote environmental concerns and awareness

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Test your knowledge on key aspects of environmental laws and pollution control measures in India. This quiz covers topics related to the Central Pollution Control Board, the Environment Protection Act, and the regulations surrounding pollution. Challenge yourself and learn more about environmental protection efforts!

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