Environmental Impact of Transportation

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What is the primary direction of energy transformation in a spontaneous process?

In a random direction

From order to disorder (correct)

In a circular direction

From disorder to order

What is the mathematical representation of the internal energy change in an isolated system?

dU = dq + dw (correct)

dU = dq / dw

dU = dq - dw

dU = dq * dw

What is the characteristic of a non-spontaneous process?

It is a circular process

It requires work execution (correct)

It requires no work execution

It is a random process

What is the primary reason for the direction of spontaneous changes in an isolated system?

The aspect of reality that determines the direction of changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of energy consumption per person per kilometer for a bus?

0.30 KWh/person·km Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a spontaneous process?

A hot object cooling down to ambient temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of the thermodynamic definition of entropy?

The change in energy that has undergone chaotic dispersion Signup and view all the answers

What is the expression for calculating the entropy change between two states of a system?

ΔS = ∫ dqodw/T Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the degree of disorder when work involves directed movement of atoms?

It does not change Signup and view all the answers

Why does the entropy change during transmission of the same amount of heat to a cold body greater than to a hot body?

Because the entropy change is greater when the energy is dispersed in a more disordered system Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the expression dS = dqodw/T?

It relates the energy transferred as heat to the entropy change Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular interpretation of entropy at high temperature?

Molecules are mostly disorderly Signup and view all the answers

What determines the practical usefulness of energetic matter?

Exergy Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for the conservation of exergy?

Ideal reversible processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between exergy and internal energy?

The reference state of exergy can be chosen freely Signup and view all the answers

What is the exergy of a system when it is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its surroundings?

Zero Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of entropy when heat is expressed in joules and temperature in kelvins?

Joule per kelvin Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thermal movement of atoms or ions in an ideal crystal at temperature T = 0?

It undergoes extinguishing Signup and view all the answers

How does the exergy of a system change as it moves away from a state of balance with the environment?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar entropy expressed in?

Joules per kelvin per mole Signup and view all the answers

What is the total exergy of a system divided into?

Several components, including potential, kinetic, physical, chemical, and others Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the Nernst thermal theorem?

Entropy change tends to zero Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of molecules in a system with zero entropy?

Homogeneous and regular Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the entropy change and the temperature at which a process takes place?

Entropy change is inversely proportional to temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical exergy of a closed system represented as?

U - Uot + (S - Sot)Tot - pot(V - Vot) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for considering physical and chemical energy when examining processes in energy devices?

Because they are the most relevant types of energy for most devices Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for the internal energy of a system in a given state?

U Signup and view all the answers