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Questions and Answers
What factors are important in assessing the impact of wastewater on the environment?
What factors are important in assessing the impact of wastewater on the environment?
- Smell of the sewage
- Color of the sewage
- Temperature of the sewage
- Type of sewage treatment and nutrient concentrations (correct)
What is significant in the placement of outfalls?
What is significant in the placement of outfalls?
- Location onto beaches or into water bodies through short or long pipes (correct)
- Position near trees
- Proximity to sunlight exposure
- Placement in densely populated areas only
Which aspect is NOT directly related to septic tank management?
Which aspect is NOT directly related to septic tank management?
- Buffer zones between tanks and recreational water bodies
- Color of the septic tank (correct)
- Density of septic tanks
- Frequency of faecal sludge emptying
Which activities are considered for hazard identification in water safety?
Which activities are considered for hazard identification in water safety?
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What is essential when evaluating local use of motorized vessels?
What is essential when evaluating local use of motorized vessels?
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Which of the following is a key factor in risk assessment for recreational water bodies?
Which of the following is a key factor in risk assessment for recreational water bodies?
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Study Notes
Wastewater
- Wastewater discharges include outfalls, combined sewer overflows, and municipal stormwater discharges
- Factors to consider in sewage treatment include type of treatment, nutrient concentrations in discharge, volumes, periods of flow, and turbidities
- Characteristics of outfalls include location (e.g. onto beach, through short or long pipes into water body)
- Potential issues with sewerage systems include histories of failures (e.g. substantial mains breaks, sewer pump station overflows)
- Septic tanks and latrines require management, including frequency of faecal sludge emptying and disposal site location in relation to water bodies
- Factors to consider in septic tank management include areas serviced, density of septic tanks, and type of liquid effluent disposal (e.g. to groundwater, open drains, direct to water bodies)
- Buffer zones between septic tanks and recreational water bodies are essential
Hazard Identification
- Historical events (e.g. incidents, emergencies) and epidemiological health data (e.g. recurrent dermatitis in people associated with recreational water use) inform hazard identification
- Factors to consider in risk assessment include frequency, extent, and likelihood of exposure
- Example: a study in a temperate climate reported an average of 7-8 [unspecified units, likely days or weeks] for both children and adults
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