38 Questions
What does the WHO definition of sanitation involve?
Keeping the environment clean to prevent diseases and maintain health
What is the main idea behind the concept of environmental health?
The impact of surroundings on health and well-being
What is the traditional association people have with sanitation?
The construction of latrines
According to the WHO, what does sanitation encompass?
The assessment, correction, control, and prevention of environmental factors
What is the dictionary meaning of the word sanitation?
The science of safe guarding health
What is the broader meaning of sanitation?
Keeping the environment clean to stop diseases and keep people healthy
What type of pollutants include fertilizers and pesticides?
Agricultural Pollutants
What is the primary indicator of chemical contamination in water?
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
What is measured by filtering a known volume of water through a fine filter?
Total Suspended Solids
What type of pollution is characterized by high temperatures?
Thermal pollution
What is the primary role of Dissolved Oxygen in water bodies?
Supporting aquatic life
What is high BOD indicative of in water bodies?
Presence of organic matter
What is the replacement term for 'environmental sanitation'?
Environmental health
What type of pollutants include clay, silt, and sand?
Suspended impurities
What is essential for achieving a healthy environment?
A multidisciplinary team and program of action
What is measured by evaporating a known volume of water?
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
What is a key ingredient for a healthy life?
A healthy environment
What is impacted by a healthy environment?
Human health, biodiversity, and ecosystem services
What is a consequence of polluted air?
Respiratory issues and worsened respiratory problems
What is a benefit of a healthy environment on the economy?
Reduced healthcare costs and increased productivity
What is a global impact of environmental health issues?
Interconnectedness and global consequences
What is supported by a healthy environment?
A variety of plants and animals
What is a characteristic of surface water?
It is prone to contamination from human and animal sources
What is a limitation of sea water?
It contains 3.5% salts in solution
What is an advantage of ground water?
It is likely free from pathogens and requires no treatment
What is a characteristic of impounding reservoirs?
They are relatively pure and may acquire a brownish color
What is a challenge of tanks as a source of water?
They are prone to silt, colloidal matter, and aquatic vegetation
What is a limitation of rivers as a source of water?
They are highly polluted with washings, sewage, and industrial waste
What is the primary consideration for selecting a source of surface water?
The quantity must be sufficient to meet the present and future requirement
What is a characteristic of surface water during rainy season?
It is turbid during rainy season
What is the safe yield of a water source generally defined as?
The yield that is adequate for 95 percent of the year
What is a risk associated with surface water?
It is prone to contamination from human and animal sources
What is the primary source of drinking water in Bhutan?
Natural streams and springs
What is the main reason for the increasing extraction of groundwater in Bhutan?
Rapid population growth
What is the per capita water resource availability in Bhutan?
94,500 m3/capita/annum
What percentage of Bhutan's water resources is currently used?
1%
What is the purpose of impounding reservoirs?
To obstruct the natural flow of river or stream
What is the main challenge facing Bhutan's water supply?
inability to meet safe drinking water needs
Study Notes
Environmental Health
- Addresses all physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person that can affect health and well-being.
- Encompasses the assessment, correction, control, and prevention of environmental factors that can impact health.
Environmental Sanitation
- Definition: "The control of those factors in man's physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health, and survival."
- Involves keeping the environment clean to prevent diseases and promote health.
- Now referred to as "environmental health" (Park).
Importance of Environmental Health
- A healthy environment is essential for a healthy life.
- Impacts human health, biodiversity, and ecosystem services.
- Affects mental health, social and economic productivity, and global interconnectedness.
Water Quality
- Surface water sources:
- Impounding reservoirs (artificial lakes)
- Rivers and streams
- Tanks, ponds, and lakes
- Ground water sources:
- Shallow wells
- Deep wells
- Springs
- Safe yield is the yield that is adequate for 95% of the year.
- Selection of a source requires professional advice from hydrogeologists, engineers, and environmental scientists.
Bhutan's Water Resources
- Rich in surface and ground water resources.
- Unable to meet safe drinking water needs, with 24-hour water supply not available in some areas.
- Prone to contamination from human and animal sources.
Surface Water Characteristics
- Turbid during rainy season, clarity not a guarantee of safety.
- Contains various dissolved and suspended impurities.
- Impurities: washings, sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff.
- Requires purification before drinking.
Ground Water Advantages
- Likely free from pathogens, often requires no treatment, and is a reliable supply.
- Less susceptible to contamination compared to surface water.
Ground Water Impurities
- Suspended impurities: clay, silt, sand, and microscopic organisms.
- Agricultural pollutants: fertilizers and pesticides.
- Physical pollutants: heat (thermal pollution) and radioactive substances.
- Pollution indicators: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and concentration of chlorides, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
This quiz assesses knowledge of environmental health factors, including physical, chemical, and biological factors that impact health behaviors. It covers the assessment, correction, control, and prevention of these factors.
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