30 Questions
What are the three major concepts covered in the study of cereals and field crops?
Morphology of Cereals, Legumes, and Root Crops
What is the primary characteristic of the rice plant according to the text?
Annual grass
How is the panicle described in relation to the rice plant?
A group of spikelets
What is the primary function of the secondary adventitious roots in the rice plant?
Absorb water and nutrients
Which plant part is NOT included in the vegetative organs of the rice plant?
Panicle
What type of roots are produced from the underground nodes of the young culms in the rice plant?
Secondary adventitious roots
What part of the plant is made up of a series of nodes and internodes in an alternate order?
Culm
Where do the primary tillers grow from?
Lowermost nodes
What is the blade of the leaf attached to the node by?
Leaf sheath
Which part of the plant contains vascular bundles that are continuous from roots to the panicle?
Leaves
What is often mistaken for the node itself due to its appearance above the node?
Pulvinus
Which part of the plant varies in length, generally increasing from the lower to upper sections?
Internodes
What are some of the physical factors that influence crop growth?
Soil conditions, temperature, light, water, atmosphere, and earth changes
Which factor largely determines what crops can be best grown in a region?
Climate
What is the difference between climate and weather?
Climate is the prevailing average weather condition over years; weather is at a specific time and place
What is the source of light for the photosynthetic activity of plants?
The sun
What term describes the amount of light received by a plant?
Light intensity
Which region experiences rainfall that is more or less evenly distributed with no pronounced dry season?
Batanes Islands
Which of the following is required to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates during photosynthesis?
$2.8$-$10$ mm values of light
In which region do cyclonic, northeastern monsoon, and thunderstorm rains occur without a single dry month during the year?
Northern Cebu
Which component of air is essential for effective pollination and replenishment of CO2?
Carbon dioxide
What type of air movement is necessary for effective pollination?
Mild moving air
Which regions experience both cyclonic and northeastern monsoon rain as well as thunderstorm rains?
Romblon
What type of climate is characterized by not having a pronounced dry season and more or less evenly distributed rainfall?
Type 4
What is the effect of extremely acidic conditions (pH 4.0) on the availability of basic cations for plants?
Decrease in Ca, Mg, K, and Na levels
Why are strongly alkaline soils (pH 8.5) unsuitable for crop production?
High soluble salt content
What is the typical pH range in which most plants grow well in soil?
Above pH 5.0
Why is liming recommended when soil pH falls below 5.0?
To improve nutrient availability to plants
In which type of soil is the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) generally higher?
Clay soils
'Beans (snap, lima, string)' require a pH range between:
5.5-6.5
Study Notes
Morphology of Cereals
- A rice plant is an annual grass with round, hollow, jointed culms, flat leaves, and a terminal panicle.
- It is adapted to growing in flooded soils.
Parts of the Rice Plant
- Vegetative organs: roots, culms, and leaves.
- Floral organs: panicle, which is a group of spikelets.
- Roots:
- Fibrous, consisting of rootlets and root hairs.
- Embryonic roots: short-lived, few-branched roots that grow from the seed when it germinates.
- Secondary adventitious roots: produced from underground nodes of the young culms, freely branched.
- Culm (stem):
- Made up of nodes and internodes in alternate order.
- Node bears a leaf and a bud.
- Bud may grow into a tiller or shoot.
- Mature internodes: hollow, finely grooved, and hairless on the outer surface.
Leaves
- Attached to the culm or stem in two ranks, one at each node.
- Leaf blade: attached to the node by the leaf sheath.
- Leaf sheath: envelops the internode upward and sometimes beyond the next node.
- Uppermost leaf below the panicle: flag leaf.
- Upper surface of the blade: many ridges formed by parallel veins.
- Bulging veins: contain vascular bundles, continuous throughout the main axis and branches of the plant from roots to panicle.
Climate
- Determines largely what crops can be grown and cultivated in a region.
- Normal values of temperature and rainfall, along with the nature of the soil, are the chief factors in selecting plants.
- Climate factors that influence crop growth and development: light, temperature, rainfall, air, and relative humidity.
Light
- Sun is the source of light for photosynthetic activity.
- Light intensity: amount of light received by the plant.
- Measurement unit: foot-candle.
- Researchers estimate that values between 2.8 and 10 mm are required to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates.
Air
- Components: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements, as well as suspended particles of dust and other pollutants.
- Mild moving air: necessary for effective pollination and replenishment of CO2.
- Strong moving air (wind): may be disastrous to plants during pollination and fertilization processes.
Soil
- pH requirements for plant growth: generally above pH 5.0.
- Soil pH affects nutrient availability: basic cations like Ca, Mg, K, and Na decrease in extremely acidic conditions (pH 4.0), while Al, Mn, and Fe may increase to toxic levels.
- Soil pH requirements for some field crops:
- Beans (snap, lima, string): 5.5-6.5
- Camote (sweet potato): 5.0-7.0
- Corn: 5.3-8.0
- Cowpea: 5.0-6.5
- Mungo: 5.5-6.5
- Peanuts: 6.0-6.5
- Potato (Irish): 4.8-6.5
- Rice (paddy): 6.0-6.5
- Rice (upland): 5.0-6.5
- Sorghum: 6.0-7.5
- Soybean: 6.0-7.0
Biotic Factors
- Insect pests
- Diseases
- Weeds
- Rodents
Test your knowledge on the physical and biological factors that influence ecosystems, including soil conditions, temperature, light, water, living organisms, and climate. Explore how these factors impact crop selection and cultivation in different regions.
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