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What are the three major concepts covered in the study of cereals and field crops?
What are the three major concepts covered in the study of cereals and field crops?
- Morphology of Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
- Morphology of Aquatic Plants
- Morphology of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines
- Morphology of Cereals, Legumes, and Root Crops (correct)
What is the primary characteristic of the rice plant according to the text?
What is the primary characteristic of the rice plant according to the text?
- Woody shrub
- Annual grass (correct)
- Biennial herb
- Perennial flower
How is the panicle described in relation to the rice plant?
How is the panicle described in relation to the rice plant?
- A group of spikelets (correct)
- A group of leaves
- A group of flowers
- A group of nodes
What is the primary function of the secondary adventitious roots in the rice plant?
What is the primary function of the secondary adventitious roots in the rice plant?
Which plant part is NOT included in the vegetative organs of the rice plant?
Which plant part is NOT included in the vegetative organs of the rice plant?
What type of roots are produced from the underground nodes of the young culms in the rice plant?
What type of roots are produced from the underground nodes of the young culms in the rice plant?
What part of the plant is made up of a series of nodes and internodes in an alternate order?
What part of the plant is made up of a series of nodes and internodes in an alternate order?
Where do the primary tillers grow from?
Where do the primary tillers grow from?
What is the blade of the leaf attached to the node by?
What is the blade of the leaf attached to the node by?
Which part of the plant contains vascular bundles that are continuous from roots to the panicle?
Which part of the plant contains vascular bundles that are continuous from roots to the panicle?
What is often mistaken for the node itself due to its appearance above the node?
What is often mistaken for the node itself due to its appearance above the node?
Which part of the plant varies in length, generally increasing from the lower to upper sections?
Which part of the plant varies in length, generally increasing from the lower to upper sections?
What are some of the physical factors that influence crop growth?
What are some of the physical factors that influence crop growth?
Which factor largely determines what crops can be best grown in a region?
Which factor largely determines what crops can be best grown in a region?
What is the difference between climate and weather?
What is the difference between climate and weather?
What is the source of light for the photosynthetic activity of plants?
What is the source of light for the photosynthetic activity of plants?
What term describes the amount of light received by a plant?
What term describes the amount of light received by a plant?
Which region experiences rainfall that is more or less evenly distributed with no pronounced dry season?
Which region experiences rainfall that is more or less evenly distributed with no pronounced dry season?
Which of the following is required to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates during photosynthesis?
Which of the following is required to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates during photosynthesis?
In which region do cyclonic, northeastern monsoon, and thunderstorm rains occur without a single dry month during the year?
In which region do cyclonic, northeastern monsoon, and thunderstorm rains occur without a single dry month during the year?
Which component of air is essential for effective pollination and replenishment of CO2?
Which component of air is essential for effective pollination and replenishment of CO2?
What type of air movement is necessary for effective pollination?
What type of air movement is necessary for effective pollination?
Which regions experience both cyclonic and northeastern monsoon rain as well as thunderstorm rains?
Which regions experience both cyclonic and northeastern monsoon rain as well as thunderstorm rains?
What type of climate is characterized by not having a pronounced dry season and more or less evenly distributed rainfall?
What type of climate is characterized by not having a pronounced dry season and more or less evenly distributed rainfall?
What is the effect of extremely acidic conditions (pH 4.0) on the availability of basic cations for plants?
What is the effect of extremely acidic conditions (pH 4.0) on the availability of basic cations for plants?
Why are strongly alkaline soils (pH 8.5) unsuitable for crop production?
Why are strongly alkaline soils (pH 8.5) unsuitable for crop production?
What is the typical pH range in which most plants grow well in soil?
What is the typical pH range in which most plants grow well in soil?
Why is liming recommended when soil pH falls below 5.0?
Why is liming recommended when soil pH falls below 5.0?
In which type of soil is the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) generally higher?
In which type of soil is the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) generally higher?
'Beans (snap, lima, string)' require a pH range between:
'Beans (snap, lima, string)' require a pH range between:
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Study Notes
Morphology of Cereals
- A rice plant is an annual grass with round, hollow, jointed culms, flat leaves, and a terminal panicle.
- It is adapted to growing in flooded soils.
Parts of the Rice Plant
- Vegetative organs: roots, culms, and leaves.
- Floral organs: panicle, which is a group of spikelets.
- Roots:
- Fibrous, consisting of rootlets and root hairs.
- Embryonic roots: short-lived, few-branched roots that grow from the seed when it germinates.
- Secondary adventitious roots: produced from underground nodes of the young culms, freely branched.
- Culm (stem):
- Made up of nodes and internodes in alternate order.
- Node bears a leaf and a bud.
- Bud may grow into a tiller or shoot.
- Mature internodes: hollow, finely grooved, and hairless on the outer surface.
Leaves
- Attached to the culm or stem in two ranks, one at each node.
- Leaf blade: attached to the node by the leaf sheath.
- Leaf sheath: envelops the internode upward and sometimes beyond the next node.
- Uppermost leaf below the panicle: flag leaf.
- Upper surface of the blade: many ridges formed by parallel veins.
- Bulging veins: contain vascular bundles, continuous throughout the main axis and branches of the plant from roots to panicle.
Climate
- Determines largely what crops can be grown and cultivated in a region.
- Normal values of temperature and rainfall, along with the nature of the soil, are the chief factors in selecting plants.
- Climate factors that influence crop growth and development: light, temperature, rainfall, air, and relative humidity.
Light
- Sun is the source of light for photosynthetic activity.
- Light intensity: amount of light received by the plant.
- Measurement unit: foot-candle.
- Researchers estimate that values between 2.8 and 10 mm are required to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates.
Air
- Components: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements, as well as suspended particles of dust and other pollutants.
- Mild moving air: necessary for effective pollination and replenishment of CO2.
- Strong moving air (wind): may be disastrous to plants during pollination and fertilization processes.
Soil
- pH requirements for plant growth: generally above pH 5.0.
- Soil pH affects nutrient availability: basic cations like Ca, Mg, K, and Na decrease in extremely acidic conditions (pH 4.0), while Al, Mn, and Fe may increase to toxic levels.
- Soil pH requirements for some field crops:
- Beans (snap, lima, string): 5.5-6.5
- Camote (sweet potato): 5.0-7.0
- Corn: 5.3-8.0
- Cowpea: 5.0-6.5
- Mungo: 5.5-6.5
- Peanuts: 6.0-6.5
- Potato (Irish): 4.8-6.5
- Rice (paddy): 6.0-6.5
- Rice (upland): 5.0-6.5
- Sorghum: 6.0-7.5
- Soybean: 6.0-7.0
Biotic Factors
- Insect pests
- Diseases
- Weeds
- Rodents
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