35 Questions
What is the primary function of kidney filters in relation to uric acid?
To filter unwanted minerals coming from the blood into the urine
What is the result of a prolonged and unmanaged gout condition?
Joint deformities and chronic pain
What medication is specifically given to patients during acute gout attacks?
Colchicine
What is the consequence of excessive production of uric acid?
Increased risk of gout flares
What is the role of the kidney in maintaining uric acid levels?
To regulate and balance the production and secretion of uric acid
What is one of the environmental factors that can cause headache?
Pollen levels
What is the result of exposure to allergens in asthma patients?
Worsening of asthma
What can cause stones in the kidney?
Urate crystals
What is the purpose of the skin prick test?
To identify specific allergens triggered in the body
What is the role of eosinophils and basophils in the blood?
They are elevated in response to allergen exposure
What is the purpose of the nasal smear cytology test?
To assess the presence of inflammatory mediators
What is one of the lifestyle factors that can worsen allergy symptoms?
Smoking
What is the role of IgE in the body?
It is involved in the immune response to allergens
What is one of the medical factors that can contribute to allergy symptoms?
Asthma
What is the main cause of osmotic diarrhea?
Poorly absorbed carbohydrates
What is the result of lactose intolerance in the small intestine?
Lactose is not absorbed and attracts water
What is the duration of acute diarrhea?
Less than 4 days
What is the characteristic of a watery stool in diarrhea?
It has a watery consistency
What is the result of inflammation of mucosal damage in the intestine?
Disruption of normal secretory function
What is a clinical manifestation of diarrhea?
Abdominal cramps and pain
What is the duration of chronic diarrhea?
More than 8 days
What is the result of poorly absorbed carbohydrates in the intestine?
Osmotic force attracts water
Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)
Option 3
This is an example statement that is true
False
Example question?
example answer
The ______ barked
dog
Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:
Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages
What is the purpose of Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) test?
To measure blood glucose after fasting for about 16 hours
What is the primary goal of therapeutic outcomes in diabetes management?
To prevent complications and improve the quality of life
What is the recommended treatment for Type 1 DM?
Insulin therapy and regular monitoring of blood glucose
What is the purpose of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test?
To measure the average blood glucose level for the past 2-3 months
What is the recommended treatment for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) if not achieved through lifestyle modifications?
Insulin therapy and blood glucose monitoring
What is the purpose of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
To diagnose gestational diabetes in pregnant women
What is the main goal of lifestyle modifications in diabetes management?
To reduce obesity, smoking, and alcohol intake
What type of diabetes is treated with oral medications and insulin therapy?
Type 2 DM
Study Notes
Environmental Factors
- Facial pressure and high pollen levels can cause headaches and inflammation in nasal mucosa, leading to allergic rhinitis and worsening asthma
- Air pollution, mold spores, and dust mites are allergens that can exacerbate asthma and trigger allergic rhinitis
Lifestyle Factors
- Smoking and occupational exposure can worsen allergic rhinitis symptoms
- Exposure to smoke and allergens can increase the risk of developing allergic rhinitis
Medical Factors
- IGE blood test helps identify specific allergens that trigger allergic reactions
- Complete Blood Count (CBC) measures eosinophils and basophils in the blood, which can indicate exposure to allergens
- Nasal smear cytology assesses the presence of inflammatory mediators in the nasal mucosa
Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests
- Skin prick test identifies specific allergens that trigger allergic reactions
- Blood tests, such as IGE and CBC, help diagnose allergic rhinitis
- Nasal smear cytology and osmotic diarrhea tests are used to diagnose and assess the severity of allergic rhinitis
Clinical Manifestation of Allergic Rhinitis
- Increase in frequency of bowel movements
- Loose or watery stool
- Abdominal cramps and pain
- Urgency of bowel movement
- Coagulopathy (bleeding disorder)
Hepatitis B Virus
- Transmitted through contact with infected body fluids, including blood, saliva, vaginal fluids, and semen
- Can also be passed from mother to baby and through infected needles
- Targets hepatocytes, liver cells, and immune cells
- Can be acute (dormant within 6-8 months) or chronic (leads to liver cirrhosis)
Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests for Hepatitis B
- History and Physical Examination
- Blood Test (Liver Function Test, LAT, and AST) measures liver enzymes and bilirubin levels
- Elevated levels indicate liver damage or injury
Hepatitis C Virus
- Spread through contact with infected blood
- Can lead to liver cirrhosis
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1: Insulin therapy replaces deficient insulin, and management involves regular monitoring, self-monitoring, and lifestyle modifications
- Type 2: Oral medications (Metformin, Sulfonylureas) improve insulin sensitivity and blood glucose production, and insulin therapy is used if oral medications are ineffective
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): Blood glucose monitoring, insulin therapy, and postpartum monitoring
Therapeutic Outcomes for Diabetes Mellitus
- Prevent complications and long-term effects on eyes and cardiovascular system
- Improve quality of life
Bone and Joint Disorders: Gout and Hyperuricemia
- Kidney filters unwanted minerals, including uric acid, and maintains production and secretion of uric acid
- High levels of uric acid can lead to gout flares, joint deformities, and chronic pain
- Renal excretion and kidney stones can occur due to urate crystals
Potentiating Factors for Gout and Hyperuricemia
- Recurrent attacks and joint deformities
- Kidney stones and chronic pain
Treatment and Management of Gout and Hyperuricemia
- Acute attacks: NSAIDs (Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen), colchicine (anti-inflammatory medication)
- Lifestyle modifications and management of underlying conditions
This quiz covers the effects of environmental factors such as facial pressure, pollen levels, and air pollution on human health, including headaches and asthma.
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