Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of stationary-source air pollution?
What is the primary focus of stationary-source air pollution?
- Air pollution generated by factories and plants (correct)
- Air pollution generated by mobile sources
- Air pollution from natural sources like volcanoes
- Air pollution from household appliances
Which legislation significantly strengthened the federal government's role in regulating air pollution in 1970?
Which legislation significantly strengthened the federal government's role in regulating air pollution in 1970?
- Clean Water Act
- National Environmental Policy Act
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
- Clean Air Act Amendments (correct)
What do the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) establish?
What do the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) establish?
- Emissions standards for mobile sources
- Penalties for exceeding pollution limits
- Standards for the ambient concentration of pollutants (correct)
- Funding sources for pollution control technologies
Which of the following is NOT considered a criteria pollutant under the Clean Air Act?
Which of the following is NOT considered a criteria pollutant under the Clean Air Act?
What was a major reason for the federal government assuming control over air pollution regulation in 1970?
What was a major reason for the federal government assuming control over air pollution regulation in 1970?
Which type of pollution source is contrasted with stationary sources in the context of air pollution?
Which type of pollution source is contrasted with stationary sources in the context of air pollution?
How many major regulated stationary air pollution sources are estimated to exist in the U.S.?
How many major regulated stationary air pollution sources are estimated to exist in the U.S.?
Which of the following pollutants is NOT mentioned as a criteria pollutant?
Which of the following pollutants is NOT mentioned as a criteria pollutant?
What is the purpose of setting short-term and long-term standards in the context of air quality management?
What is the purpose of setting short-term and long-term standards in the context of air quality management?
What happens when an air-control region is designated as 'nonattainment'?
What happens when an air-control region is designated as 'nonattainment'?
Which of the following describes a limitation in the EPA's monitoring process?
Which of the following describes a limitation in the EPA's monitoring process?
Why might the implementation of BACT under the New Source Review lead to perverse incentives?
Why might the implementation of BACT under the New Source Review lead to perverse incentives?
What is a State Implementation Plan (SIP) required to outline?
What is a State Implementation Plan (SIP) required to outline?
What does the term 'spatial gaming' refer to in the context of air quality monitoring?
What does the term 'spatial gaming' refer to in the context of air quality monitoring?
What is the implication of pollution levels dropping on monitoring days?
What is the implication of pollution levels dropping on monitoring days?
What is one consequence of a region being in nonattainment under the Clean Air Act?
What is one consequence of a region being in nonattainment under the Clean Air Act?
What is the main assumption regarding threshold pollutants?
What is the main assumption regarding threshold pollutants?
Which factor is NOT considered to determine the efficiency of CAC regulations?
Which factor is NOT considered to determine the efficiency of CAC regulations?
What is the primary focus of the CAAA regarding air quality regulation?
What is the primary focus of the CAAA regarding air quality regulation?
Why might it be challenging to determine if past policies like the CAAA were efficient?
Why might it be challenging to determine if past policies like the CAAA were efficient?
What issue arises from the application of uniform standards under the CAAA?
What issue arises from the application of uniform standards under the CAAA?
How does timing impact pollution emissions according to the discussed concepts?
How does timing impact pollution emissions according to the discussed concepts?
What was one of the challenges noted regarding the level of NAAQS?
What was one of the challenges noted regarding the level of NAAQS?
What potential flaw exists in the concept of a 'health threshold' for pollutants?
What potential flaw exists in the concept of a 'health threshold' for pollutants?
What was one of the main political issues with the RECLAIM smog trading program?
What was one of the main political issues with the RECLAIM smog trading program?
What occurs when the permit price in the RECLAIM program becomes excessively high?
What occurs when the permit price in the RECLAIM program becomes excessively high?
What is the primary function of the Japanese emissions charge?
What is the primary function of the Japanese emissions charge?
What significant change did firms make in response to local CAAA standards?
What significant change did firms make in response to local CAAA standards?
How was the tax on emissions in Japan structured in relation to pollution damage claims?
How was the tax on emissions in Japan structured in relation to pollution damage claims?
What distinguishes local pollution from regional pollution?
What distinguishes local pollution from regional pollution?
What regulatory approach did the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 aim to improve?
What regulatory approach did the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 aim to improve?
What is the phrase commonly associated with firms' response to the Clean Air Act Amendments?
What is the phrase commonly associated with firms' response to the Clean Air Act Amendments?
What was the main issue identified with the Costs of CAC compared to a least-cost alternative?
What was the main issue identified with the Costs of CAC compared to a least-cost alternative?
From the data provided, which pollutant saw the largest percentage reduction between 2000 and 2010?
From the data provided, which pollutant saw the largest percentage reduction between 2000 and 2010?
What are some of the key advantages of market-based approaches to pollution control?
What are some of the key advantages of market-based approaches to pollution control?
In which year did California's RECLAIM program start its operations?
In which year did California's RECLAIM program start its operations?
What is the main goal of the RECLAIM program in terms of emissions?
What is the main goal of the RECLAIM program in terms of emissions?
What type of control do market-based approaches allow for beyond just compliance?
What type of control do market-based approaches allow for beyond just compliance?
What was the percentage reduction of CO pollution from 1980 to 2010?
What was the percentage reduction of CO pollution from 1980 to 2010?
What limits the efficiency of CAC compared to market-based strategies?
What limits the efficiency of CAC compared to market-based strategies?
What was the initial focus of the regulations addressing acid rain?
What was the initial focus of the regulations addressing acid rain?
What cost-effective solution did the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) suggest for reducing sulfur dioxide emissions?
What cost-effective solution did the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) suggest for reducing sulfur dioxide emissions?
What was the cap set for sulfur dioxide emissions under the Acid Rain Program by 2010?
What was the cap set for sulfur dioxide emissions under the Acid Rain Program by 2010?
What was a significant outcome of the Acid Rain Program between 1990 and 2004?
What was a significant outcome of the Acid Rain Program between 1990 and 2004?
What unexpected factor helped reduce sulfur dioxide emissions under the Acid Rain Program?
What unexpected factor helped reduce sulfur dioxide emissions under the Acid Rain Program?
What happened with the permit prices for emissions after the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule was passed?
What happened with the permit prices for emissions after the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule was passed?
Which political administration was involved in creating and passing the Acid Rain Program?
Which political administration was involved in creating and passing the Acid Rain Program?
What irony is noted in the accomplishments of the Acid Rain Program regarding health considerations?
What irony is noted in the accomplishments of the Acid Rain Program regarding health considerations?
What is one consequence of low transport costs in relation to private transport?
What is one consequence of low transport costs in relation to private transport?
Which element was included in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 to address emissions standards?
Which element was included in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 to address emissions standards?
Which aspect of the U.S. approach to mobile-source pollution is crucial for enforcement?
Which aspect of the U.S. approach to mobile-source pollution is crucial for enforcement?
What was the primary benefit of the federal standards for emissions established in the Clean Air Act?
What was the primary benefit of the federal standards for emissions established in the Clean Air Act?
What does the Lead Phaseout Program primarily target?
What does the Lead Phaseout Program primarily target?
What was the primary goal of establishing CAFE standards?
What was the primary goal of establishing CAFE standards?
By what year did the United States fully phase out leaded gasoline?
By what year did the United States fully phase out leaded gasoline?
What factor disproportionately affects the penalties for not meeting CAFE standards?
What factor disproportionately affects the penalties for not meeting CAFE standards?
What does the term 'MPG illusion' refer to?
What does the term 'MPG illusion' refer to?
What was the factor by which EPA's CBA analysis suggested the benefits of lead phase-out would outweigh costs?
What was the factor by which EPA's CBA analysis suggested the benefits of lead phase-out would outweigh costs?
Which year marked the implementation of CAFE standards?
Which year marked the implementation of CAFE standards?
What type of system was used to phase out allowances for producing leaded gasoline?
What type of system was used to phase out allowances for producing leaded gasoline?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the ban on leaded gasoline in Europe?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the ban on leaded gasoline in Europe?
Which aspect makes mobile air pollution sources more challenging to regulate compared to stationary sources?
Which aspect makes mobile air pollution sources more challenging to regulate compared to stationary sources?
What is a consequence of allowing for an implicit subsidy such as free parking?
What is a consequence of allowing for an implicit subsidy such as free parking?
How do mobile sources contribute to a growing concern regarding pollution emissions?
How do mobile sources contribute to a growing concern regarding pollution emissions?
What is the difficulty noted in regulating emissions from mobile sources compared to manufacturers?
What is the difficulty noted in regulating emissions from mobile sources compared to manufacturers?
In the context of mobile source air pollution, what aspect does the concept of 'stock vs. flow' refer to?
In the context of mobile source air pollution, what aspect does the concept of 'stock vs. flow' refer to?
What is a primary issue with using miles per gallon (MPG) as a measure of fuel efficiency?
What is a primary issue with using miles per gallon (MPG) as a measure of fuel efficiency?
What is one major limitation of fuel economy standards compared to a fuel tax?
What is one major limitation of fuel economy standards compared to a fuel tax?
What is a significant challenge faced by those trying to regulate mobile source pollution in urban areas?
What is a significant challenge faced by those trying to regulate mobile source pollution in urban areas?
What does the divergence between private marginal costs (P MC) and social marginal costs (SM C) indicate as traffic increases?
What does the divergence between private marginal costs (P MC) and social marginal costs (SM C) indicate as traffic increases?
Which factor diminishes the gains obtained from fuel efficiency improvements?
Which factor diminishes the gains obtained from fuel efficiency improvements?
Which of the following best describes the challenge of emissions from older mobile vehicles compared to new ones?
Which of the following best describes the challenge of emissions from older mobile vehicles compared to new ones?
What external benefit is associated with CAFE standards?
What external benefit is associated with CAFE standards?
What should not be overlooked when considering energy independence?
What should not be overlooked when considering energy independence?
Why might a flat gas tax be deemed more effective than fuel economy standards?
Why might a flat gas tax be deemed more effective than fuel economy standards?
Which vehicle efficiency measure preserves a correct linear relationship in other countries?
Which vehicle efficiency measure preserves a correct linear relationship in other countries?
What is a significant problem with consumer preferences for fuel economy options?
What is a significant problem with consumer preferences for fuel economy options?
What is the estimated spending per incremental electric vehicle sold under the IRA?
What is the estimated spending per incremental electric vehicle sold under the IRA?
What was a significant limitation placed on the subsidies for electric vehicles under the Inflation Reduction Act?
What was a significant limitation placed on the subsidies for electric vehicles under the Inflation Reduction Act?
Which statement best describes the behavioral response to EV subsidies according to Allcott et al. (2024)?
Which statement best describes the behavioral response to EV subsidies according to Allcott et al. (2024)?
What is a proposed first-best policy regarding the taxation of vehicles?
What is a proposed first-best policy regarding the taxation of vehicles?
Which factor contributes to the heterogeneity in the benefits of electric vehicles as mentioned in the analysis?
Which factor contributes to the heterogeneity in the benefits of electric vehicles as mentioned in the analysis?
What important effect does the 'rebound effect' refer to in the context of energy efficiency?
What important effect does the 'rebound effect' refer to in the context of energy efficiency?
Why is the political feasibility of taxing gasoline vehicles considered problematic?
Why is the political feasibility of taxing gasoline vehicles considered problematic?
What was a notable change introduced by the Energy Improvement and Extension Act regarding electric vehicle purchases?
What was a notable change introduced by the Energy Improvement and Extension Act regarding electric vehicle purchases?
What was a significant issue associated with biofuels policy during the 2000s?
What was a significant issue associated with biofuels policy during the 2000s?
Which approach is highlighted as more effective than Fuel taxes for managing road congestion?
Which approach is highlighted as more effective than Fuel taxes for managing road congestion?
What is a potential effect of the 'parking cash-outs' policy?
What is a potential effect of the 'parking cash-outs' policy?
What was the consequence of Brazil's 2009 ethanol crisis on ethanol usage?
What was the consequence of Brazil's 2009 ethanol crisis on ethanol usage?
What is the concept behind feebates in vehicle emission policies?
What is the concept behind feebates in vehicle emission policies?
What does the term 'mobile-source pollution' primarily refer to?
What does the term 'mobile-source pollution' primarily refer to?
Which pricing strategy employs fees based on road congestion levels?
Which pricing strategy employs fees based on road congestion levels?
What broader impact does road pricing primarily aim to achieve?
What broader impact does road pricing primarily aim to achieve?
What does the social cost of carbon (SCC) refer to?
What does the social cost of carbon (SCC) refer to?
What growth rate does Stern choose for the economy's per capita growth rate?
What growth rate does Stern choose for the economy's per capita growth rate?
Which of the following best describes the discount rate in the context of climate change economics?
Which of the following best describes the discount rate in the context of climate change economics?
What is a primary challenge in addressing climate change as a public bad?
What is a primary challenge in addressing climate change as a public bad?
What discount rate does Nordhaus argue is more appropriate compared to Stern's choice?
What discount rate does Nordhaus argue is more appropriate compared to Stern's choice?
How does opportunity cost relate to the economic aspects of climate change?
How does opportunity cost relate to the economic aspects of climate change?
According to Stern, what is the economic cost of climate change expressed as a percentage cut in per capita consumption?
According to Stern, what is the economic cost of climate change expressed as a percentage cut in per capita consumption?
What significant change in the estimate of the social cost of carbon (SCC) does Nordhaus propose in 2017?
What significant change in the estimate of the social cost of carbon (SCC) does Nordhaus propose in 2017?
What role do Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) play in climate change economics?
What role do Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) play in climate change economics?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the miracle of compound interest in policy evaluation?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the miracle of compound interest in policy evaluation?
What model did Nordhaus develop that integrates climate and economic dynamics?
What model did Nordhaus develop that integrates climate and economic dynamics?
What is the primary focus of Weitzman's argument regarding Stern's policy?
What is the primary focus of Weitzman's argument regarding Stern's policy?
What primary factor affects the calculation of the social cost of carbon?
What primary factor affects the calculation of the social cost of carbon?
Why are economic theories often insufficient in addressing climate change effectively?
Why are economic theories often insufficient in addressing climate change effectively?
What term describes the phenomenon of overvaluing distant costs due to a low discount rate, as pointed out by Nordhaus?
What term describes the phenomenon of overvaluing distant costs due to a low discount rate, as pointed out by Nordhaus?
What is the main argument for a low discount rate in welfare economics as highlighted in the discussion?
What is the main argument for a low discount rate in welfare economics as highlighted in the discussion?
What is a potential consequence of using a high discount rate in environmental policy decisions?
What is a potential consequence of using a high discount rate in environmental policy decisions?
What was the main conclusion of the Stern Review regarding business-as-usual (BAU) practices?
What was the main conclusion of the Stern Review regarding business-as-usual (BAU) practices?
When considering the opportunity cost of capital, what is the implication of spending on environmental abatement?
When considering the opportunity cost of capital, what is the implication of spending on environmental abatement?
According to the Stern Review, what stabilization target is suggested to avoid catastrophic climate change?
According to the Stern Review, what stabilization target is suggested to avoid catastrophic climate change?
What does significant disagreement over discount rates indicate in climate change economics?
What does significant disagreement over discount rates indicate in climate change economics?
Which element could cause a conflict when determining the correct discount rate in environmental policy?
Which element could cause a conflict when determining the correct discount rate in environmental policy?
What is a potential outcome for poorer countries as highlighted by the Stern Review?
What is a potential outcome for poorer countries as highlighted by the Stern Review?
According to the Stern Review, what is the estimated annual cost of achieving stabilization at 500-550 ppmv?
According to the Stern Review, what is the estimated annual cost of achieving stabilization at 500-550 ppmv?
What does the Ramsey Rule indicate about the components that influence the discount rate?
What does the Ramsey Rule indicate about the components that influence the discount rate?
Which choice of inputs used by Stern leads to a notably low discount rate?
Which choice of inputs used by Stern leads to a notably low discount rate?
Why does Stern argue for a low pure rate of time preference (δ)?
Why does Stern argue for a low pure rate of time preference (δ)?
What does the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption (η) represent in Stern's framework?
What does the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption (η) represent in Stern's framework?
Which economist suggested that the pure rate of time preference should reflect observed market conditions?
Which economist suggested that the pure rate of time preference should reflect observed market conditions?
What is one of the implications of Stern's choice of a unitary elasticity (η = 1)?
What is one of the implications of Stern's choice of a unitary elasticity (η = 1)?
What main criticism do some economists have regarding Stern's ethical approach to discount rates?
What main criticism do some economists have regarding Stern's ethical approach to discount rates?
What assumption is made about wealth when discussing the transfer of one dollar from a rich person to a poor person?
What assumption is made about wealth when discussing the transfer of one dollar from a rich person to a poor person?
What is the primary objective of the Climate Adaptive Response Estimation (CARE)?
What is the primary objective of the Climate Adaptive Response Estimation (CARE)?
Which assumption is made regarding warmer locations in the context of future climate response?
Which assumption is made regarding warmer locations in the context of future climate response?
What does adaptation in the context of climate change primarily involve?
What does adaptation in the context of climate change primarily involve?
What condition is suggested as a necessity for achieving a 2 °C target under the Paris Agreement?
What condition is suggested as a necessity for achieving a 2 °C target under the Paris Agreement?
Which aspect of climate impacts is noted to still require further research?
Which aspect of climate impacts is noted to still require further research?
What is meant by 'variability' in climate response functions?
What is meant by 'variability' in climate response functions?
How does adaptation relate to individual and social preferences?
How does adaptation relate to individual and social preferences?
What sort of projections are currently considered advanced according to recent research?
What sort of projections are currently considered advanced according to recent research?
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates adaptation from mitigation in climate change strategies?
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates adaptation from mitigation in climate change strategies?
Which of the following statements about the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) is accurate?
What factor significantly influences the optimal policy for climate action, according to the discussion?
What factor significantly influences the optimal policy for climate action, according to the discussion?
How has the perception of climate change impacts on agriculture evolved over time?
How has the perception of climate change impacts on agriculture evolved over time?
What controversy followed The Stern Review regarding its policy recommendations?
What controversy followed The Stern Review regarding its policy recommendations?
Why is long-lived infrastructure considered a significant exception in climate adaptation?
Why is long-lived infrastructure considered a significant exception in climate adaptation?
Which aspect besides the discount rate significantly affects climate economics?
Which aspect besides the discount rate significantly affects climate economics?
What has been a key trend in scientific understanding regarding climate impacts?
What has been a key trend in scientific understanding regarding climate impacts?
Which ruling significantly limits Clean Water Act (CWA) jurisdiction?
Which ruling significantly limits Clean Water Act (CWA) jurisdiction?
What major implication does the EPA face regarding interpretations of CWA protections?
What major implication does the EPA face regarding interpretations of CWA protections?
What is the primary focus of the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements?
What is the primary focus of the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements?
What did Greenhill et al (2024) utilize to assess CWA protections?
What did Greenhill et al (2024) utilize to assess CWA protections?
What is one key requirement established under the PFAS rule regarding drinking water?
What is one key requirement established under the PFAS rule regarding drinking water?
Which of the following describes an outcome of the Steam Electric Effluent Limitations?
Which of the following describes an outcome of the Steam Electric Effluent Limitations?
Under the Clean Water Act (CWA), what is the liability limit for firms that discharge oil and are found negligent?
Under the Clean Water Act (CWA), what is the liability limit for firms that discharge oil and are found negligent?
What was a significant legislative action related to drinking water standards implemented in 1972?
What was a significant legislative action related to drinking water standards implemented in 1972?
What is the goal of the Clean Water Act regarding pollutants?
What is the goal of the Clean Water Act regarding pollutants?
Which aspect of ocean pollution is not currently governed by specific laws?
Which aspect of ocean pollution is not currently governed by specific laws?
Which environmental impact is associated with heavy metals like mercury?
Which environmental impact is associated with heavy metals like mercury?
What was a significant feature of the Clean Water Act established in the 1972 amendments?
What was a significant feature of the Clean Water Act established in the 1972 amendments?
What challenge was faced in the enforcement of the 1899 Refuse Act?
What challenge was faced in the enforcement of the 1899 Refuse Act?
Which statement accurately reflects the purpose of the 1965 Water Quality Act?
Which statement accurately reflects the purpose of the 1965 Water Quality Act?
What was one weakness of the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948?
What was one weakness of the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948?
What ambiguity has persisted regarding the Clean Water Act (CWA)?
What ambiguity has persisted regarding the Clean Water Act (CWA)?
Which of these conditions was NOT established by the Clean Water Act?
Which of these conditions was NOT established by the Clean Water Act?
Which major issue arose from the enforcement of the Clean Water Act's regulations?
Which major issue arose from the enforcement of the Clean Water Act's regulations?
What distinguishes surface water from groundwater in terms of pollution regulation?
What distinguishes surface water from groundwater in terms of pollution regulation?
What is a key characteristic of nonpoint sources of water pollution?
What is a key characteristic of nonpoint sources of water pollution?
What effect does organic material pollution have on water bodies?
What effect does organic material pollution have on water bodies?
How do stock pollutants differ from fund pollutants?
How do stock pollutants differ from fund pollutants?
What is a primary consequence of eutrophication in water bodies?
What is a primary consequence of eutrophication in water bodies?
What is a significant challenge in regulating ocean pollution caused by oil spills?
What is a significant challenge in regulating ocean pollution caused by oil spills?
Which of the following statements about thermal pollutants is correct?
Which of the following statements about thermal pollutants is correct?
What role does the replenishment rate play in groundwater contamination?
What role does the replenishment rate play in groundwater contamination?
Which of the following is NOT a type of pollutant mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of pollutant mentioned?
What is a critical reason for needing a different policy approach for water pollution compared to air pollution?
What is a critical reason for needing a different policy approach for water pollution compared to air pollution?
What was the primary finding of Keiser and Shapiro (2019) regarding pollution concentrations in U.S. rivers?
What was the primary finding of Keiser and Shapiro (2019) regarding pollution concentrations in U.S. rivers?
What is a major financial implication of achieving 100% pollutant removal compared to 85-90% removal?
What is a major financial implication of achieving 100% pollutant removal compared to 85-90% removal?
What is the estimated total cost associated with the Clean Water Act according to the findings?
What is the estimated total cost associated with the Clean Water Act according to the findings?
Why might the application of uniform effluent standards be considered inefficient?
Why might the application of uniform effluent standards be considered inefficient?
What does the conclusion about U.S. water pollution regulation suggest regarding mandatory technology standards?
What does the conclusion about U.S. water pollution regulation suggest regarding mandatory technology standards?
How does Keiser and Shapiro's analysis assess the benefits of the Clean Water Act relative to its costs?
How does Keiser and Shapiro's analysis assess the benefits of the Clean Water Act relative to its costs?
What issue was revealed in the 1977 audit by the EPA regarding wastewater treatment plants?
What issue was revealed in the 1977 audit by the EPA regarding wastewater treatment plants?
What strategy is suggested in the conclusion for addressing water pollution more effectively?
What strategy is suggested in the conclusion for addressing water pollution more effectively?
What is a key characteristic of watershed-based trading programs?
What is a key characteristic of watershed-based trading programs?
Under what condition is forcing owners to pay for cleanups from oil spills considered efficient?
Under what condition is forcing owners to pay for cleanups from oil spills considered efficient?
What major flaw was identified in the subsidies for municipal wastewater treatment plants?
What major flaw was identified in the subsidies for municipal wastewater treatment plants?
What was the general outcome from the standards set for the 60,000 sources by the EPA?
What was the general outcome from the standards set for the 60,000 sources by the EPA?
What aspect of pollutant types is often neglected in the process of remediation?
What aspect of pollutant types is often neglected in the process of remediation?
What is the main claim of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH)?
What is the main claim of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH)?
What does the Environmental Kuznets Curve suggest about the relationship between income and environmental degradation?
What does the Environmental Kuznets Curve suggest about the relationship between income and environmental degradation?
Which factor primarily drives the trade-induced composition effect according to the concept of comparative advantage?
Which factor primarily drives the trade-induced composition effect according to the concept of comparative advantage?
Which effect commonly influences the impact of trade on the environment according to recent findings?
Which effect commonly influences the impact of trade on the environment according to recent findings?
Which effect is considered the most significant in relation to emissions according to empirical evidence?
Which effect is considered the most significant in relation to emissions according to empirical evidence?
How does an increase in the stringency of environmental regulation affect exports?
How does an increase in the stringency of environmental regulation affect exports?
What aspect of industry is highlighted as having lower trade barriers in relation to environmental impact?
What aspect of industry is highlighted as having lower trade barriers in relation to environmental impact?
What outcome does the scale effect predict in terms of emissions as a country's economic activity increases?
What outcome does the scale effect predict in terms of emissions as a country's economic activity increases?
Which statement accurately describes the Pollution Haven Hypothesis?
Which statement accurately describes the Pollution Haven Hypothesis?
What implication does lower tariffs on dirty industries have on carbon emissions?
What implication does lower tariffs on dirty industries have on carbon emissions?
What factor might determine the stringency of environmental policy in a country?
What factor might determine the stringency of environmental policy in a country?
What does the technique effect refer to in the context of emissions and economic growth?
What does the technique effect refer to in the context of emissions and economic growth?
In which phase of the EKC does increasing per capita income first lead to worsening environmental quality?
In which phase of the EKC does increasing per capita income first lead to worsening environmental quality?
Which type of trade policy observation did Shapiro (2021) find regarding barriers on clean and dirty industries?
Which type of trade policy observation did Shapiro (2021) find regarding barriers on clean and dirty industries?
How does trade liberalization affect countries with a comparative advantage in pollution-intensive goods?
How does trade liberalization affect countries with a comparative advantage in pollution-intensive goods?
What is suggested as a potential future concern regarding the Pollution Haven Hypothesis?
What is suggested as a potential future concern regarding the Pollution Haven Hypothesis?
What does the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggest about the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality?
What does the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggest about the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality?
Which effect of comparative advantage results in increased production and potentially higher global emissions while keeping industry composition constant?
Which effect of comparative advantage results in increased production and potentially higher global emissions while keeping industry composition constant?
What is one outcome of the Technique effect as it relates to trade?
What is one outcome of the Technique effect as it relates to trade?
How does the Composition effect influence environmental outcomes in a country?
How does the Composition effect influence environmental outcomes in a country?
Which aspect of the Scale effect is directly linked to economic activity and resource usage?
Which aspect of the Scale effect is directly linked to economic activity and resource usage?
A belief in the Technique effect suggests that which of the following statements is true?
A belief in the Technique effect suggests that which of the following statements is true?
What ultimate impact does the Composition effect have on the environment when considering trade patterns?
What ultimate impact does the Composition effect have on the environment when considering trade patterns?
Which of the following is NOT a core aspect of how comparative advantage impacts the environment?
Which of the following is NOT a core aspect of how comparative advantage impacts the environment?
What does procedural justice in environmental issues primarily refer to?
What does procedural justice in environmental issues primarily refer to?
Which factor is indicated to correlate with lease terms and compensation for shale gas extraction?
Which factor is indicated to correlate with lease terms and compensation for shale gas extraction?
How do governments influence pollution distribution?
How do governments influence pollution distribution?
What was found regarding enforcement penalties for polluters near communities of color?
What was found regarding enforcement penalties for polluters near communities of color?
What mechanism leads to pollution inequality according to Hausman & Stolper?
What mechanism leads to pollution inequality according to Hausman & Stolper?
Which factor was identified as an important determinant of regulatory stringency in polluted areas?
Which factor was identified as an important determinant of regulatory stringency in polluted areas?
What results from discrimination by landlords against minority applicants in low pollution areas?
What results from discrimination by landlords against minority applicants in low pollution areas?
Which of the following is a proposed solution to reduce inequality in environmental exposure?
Which of the following is a proposed solution to reduce inequality in environmental exposure?
What is the primary impact of the Clean Air Act (CAA) on the PM 2.5 exposure gap between black and white communities?
What is the primary impact of the Clean Air Act (CAA) on the PM 2.5 exposure gap between black and white communities?
How can market-based policies exacerbate environmental justice (EJ) concerns?
How can market-based policies exacerbate environmental justice (EJ) concerns?
What goal did California's Assembly Bill 32 establish for GHG emissions?
What goal did California's Assembly Bill 32 establish for GHG emissions?
What outcome was found regarding emissions reductions and neighborhood demographics in the RECLAIM program?
What outcome was found regarding emissions reductions and neighborhood demographics in the RECLAIM program?
What conclusion can be drawn about the EJ gap after implementing Cap and Trade (C&T) policies?
What conclusion can be drawn about the EJ gap after implementing Cap and Trade (C&T) policies?
What is a systematic issue faced by disadvantaged communities regarding pollution exposure?
What is a systematic issue faced by disadvantaged communities regarding pollution exposure?
What should be considered alongside traditional cost-benefit analysis when evaluating environmental policies?
What should be considered alongside traditional cost-benefit analysis when evaluating environmental policies?
What challenge is associated with conducting causal inference in evaluating environmental policies?
What challenge is associated with conducting causal inference in evaluating environmental policies?
What is a potential implication of environmental gentrification?
What is a potential implication of environmental gentrification?
How might Tiebout's sorting theory contribute to environmental inequities?
How might Tiebout's sorting theory contribute to environmental inequities?
What factors are considered in Coasean bargaining regarding pollution?
What factors are considered in Coasean bargaining regarding pollution?
Which of the following describes a challenge in empirically testing the reasons for environmental injustice in communities?
Which of the following describes a challenge in empirically testing the reasons for environmental injustice in communities?
What might be a common misconception regarding the relationship between income and exposure to pollution?
What might be a common misconception regarding the relationship between income and exposure to pollution?
What does the term 'coming to the nuisance' imply in the context of pollution and residential sorting?
What does the term 'coming to the nuisance' imply in the context of pollution and residential sorting?
Which of the following outcomes can arise from cleaning pollutants in local communities?
Which of the following outcomes can arise from cleaning pollutants in local communities?
What reasoning supports the idea that income influences environmental inequities?
What reasoning supports the idea that income influences environmental inequities?
Flashcards
Stationary-source air pollution
Stationary-source air pollution
Pollution generated by factories and plants, which are fixed locations.
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) 1970
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) 1970
Legislation that significantly strengthened federal regulation of air pollution from stationary sources.
Criteria pollutants
Criteria pollutants
Air pollutants the EPA must regulate.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
SO2
SO2
Signup and view all the flashcards
NOx
NOx
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mobile sources of air pollution
Mobile sources of air pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emissions Standards
Emissions Standards
Signup and view all the flashcards
NAAQS
NAAQS
Signup and view all the flashcards
State Implementation Plan (SIP)
State Implementation Plan (SIP)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-attainment
Non-attainment
Signup and view all the flashcards
New Source Review (NSR)
New Source Review (NSR)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Best Available Control Technology (BACT)
Best Available Control Technology (BACT)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Perverse Incentives
Perverse Incentives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Spatial Gaming
Spatial Gaming
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temporal Gaming
Temporal Gaming
Signup and view all the flashcards
Threshold pollutants
Threshold pollutants
Signup and view all the flashcards
NAAQS levels
NAAQS levels
Signup and view all the flashcards
Geographic variation
Geographic variation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Timing of emissions
Timing of emissions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Human exposure
Human exposure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cost-effective policy
Cost-effective policy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Efficiency of CAA
Efficiency of CAA
Signup and view all the flashcards
MB(e)= SMC(e)
MB(e)= SMC(e)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cost of CAC
Cost of CAC
Signup and view all the flashcards
RECLAIM program
RECLAIM program
Signup and view all the flashcards
Smog trading
Smog trading
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cap-and-trade
Cap-and-trade
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pollution prevention
Pollution prevention
Signup and view all the flashcards
End-of-pipe control
End-of-pipe control
Signup and view all the flashcards
Market-based approach to pollution control
Market-based approach to pollution control
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shift the burden of pollution control
Shift the burden of pollution control
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acid Rain Problem
Acid Rain Problem
Signup and view all the flashcards
SO2 Emissions Tax
SO2 Emissions Tax
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acid Rain Program (ARP)
Acid Rain Program (ARP)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tradeable Permit Program
Tradeable Permit Program
Signup and view all the flashcards
ARP's Success
ARP's Success
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unexpected Benefits of ARP
Unexpected Benefits of ARP
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
Signup and view all the flashcards
RECLAIM Smog Trading
RECLAIM Smog Trading
Signup and view all the flashcards
Safety Valve in RECLAIM
Safety Valve in RECLAIM
Signup and view all the flashcards
Japanese Emissions Charge
Japanese Emissions Charge
Signup and view all the flashcards
Local vs. Regional Pollution
Local vs. Regional Pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dilution is the Solution
Dilution is the Solution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clean Air Act Amendments 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments 1990
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inefficient Command & Control (CAC) Regulation
Inefficient Command & Control (CAC) Regulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Local Standards for Regional Pollutants
Local Standards for Regional Pollutants
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mobile Air Pollution
Mobile Air Pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is Mobile Pollution Hard to Regulate?
Why is Mobile Pollution Hard to Regulate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Implicit Subsidies
Implicit Subsidies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Externalities in Transportation
Externalities in Transportation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stock vs. Flow Problem
Stock vs. Flow Problem
Signup and view all the flashcards
P M C = 0, SM C > 0
P M C = 0, SM C > 0
Signup and view all the flashcards
Regulation of Mobile Sources
Regulation of Mobile Sources
Signup and view all the flashcards
Traffic Jams Increase Pollution
Traffic Jams Increase Pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Externalities
Externalities
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why are transport costs too low?
Why are transport costs too low?
Signup and view all the flashcards
The US Approach to Pollution Control
The US Approach to Pollution Control
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lead Phaseout
Lead Phaseout
Signup and view all the flashcards
CAFE Standards
CAFE Standards
Signup and view all the flashcards
MPG Illusion
MPG Illusion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tradeable Permit System
Tradeable Permit System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Implicit Subsidies in Transportation
Implicit Subsidies in Transportation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rebound Effect
Rebound Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
CAFE Standards' Weakness
CAFE Standards' Weakness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Spillover Benefits
Spillover Benefits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Automakers' Fuel Efficiency
Automakers' Fuel Efficiency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Implicit Subsidies for Driving
Implicit Subsidies for Driving
Signup and view all the flashcards
Energy Paradox
Energy Paradox
Signup and view all the flashcards
EV Emission Advantages?
EV Emission Advantages?
Signup and view all the flashcards
EV Subsidies
EV Subsidies
Signup and view all the flashcards
IRA EV Subsidy Effects
IRA EV Subsidy Effects
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heterogeneity in EV Benefits
Heterogeneity in EV Benefits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biofuels
Biofuels
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biofuel Policy
Biofuel Policy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biofuels Controversy
Biofuels Controversy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethanol's Fall From Grace
Ethanol's Fall From Grace
Signup and view all the flashcards
Congestion Pricing: A Targeted Approach
Congestion Pricing: A Targeted Approach
Signup and view all the flashcards
Public Transport Fees: The Cost of Service
Public Transport Fees: The Cost of Service
Signup and view all the flashcards
Feebates: Incentives for Clean Vehicles
Feebates: Incentives for Clean Vehicles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parking Cash-Outs: Rewarding Alternatives
Parking Cash-Outs: Rewarding Alternatives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mobile Air Pollution: More Complex than Stationary
Mobile Air Pollution: More Complex than Stationary
Signup and view all the flashcards
The Stock vs. Flow Problem
The Stock vs. Flow Problem
Signup and view all the flashcards
Social Cost of Carbon (SCC)
Social Cost of Carbon (SCC)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Discount Rate
Discount Rate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Present Value (PV)
Present Value (PV)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Compound Interest
Compound Interest
Signup and view all the flashcards
Integrated Assessment Model (IAM)
Integrated Assessment Model (IAM)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Opportunity Cost of Consumption
Opportunity Cost of Consumption
Signup and view all the flashcards
Climate Change Economics
Climate Change Economics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Public Bad
Public Bad
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ramsey Rule
Ramsey Rule
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pure Rate of Time Preference (δ)
Pure Rate of Time Preference (δ)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Elasticity of Marginal Utility of Consumption (η)
Elasticity of Marginal Utility of Consumption (η)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stern Review Discount Rate
Stern Review Discount Rate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Controversy Over Stern's Discount Rate
Controversy Over Stern's Discount Rate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unitary Elasticity (η = 1)
Unitary Elasticity (η = 1)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Progressive Discount Rates
Progressive Discount Rates
Signup and view all the flashcards
Discount Rate Debate
Discount Rate Debate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stern Review
Stern Review
Signup and view all the flashcards
Climate change economics' defining issue
Climate change economics' defining issue
Signup and view all the flashcards
Effect of discount rate on long time spans
Effect of discount rate on long time spans
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stern Review's take-home message
Stern Review's take-home message
Signup and view all the flashcards
Controversy over the discount rate
Controversy over the discount rate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stern Review's stabilization goal
Stern Review's stabilization goal
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stern Review's key recommendation
Stern Review's key recommendation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nordhaus's view on SCC
Nordhaus's view on SCC
Signup and view all the flashcards
Weitzman's argument
Weitzman's argument
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gamma Discounting
Gamma Discounting
Signup and view all the flashcards
DICE Model
DICE Model
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stern-Nordhaus debate
Stern-Nordhaus debate
Signup and view all the flashcards
CARE
CARE
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adaptation
Adaptation
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Paris Agreement's ambition?
What is the Paris Agreement's ambition?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Negative emissions
Negative emissions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is adaptation important?
Why is adaptation important?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the objectives of adaptation?
What are the objectives of adaptation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the challenges of adaptation?
What are the challenges of adaptation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does research on climate change impact affect different regions?
How does research on climate change impact affect different regions?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adaptation vs. Mitigation
Adaptation vs. Mitigation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Public Good (Bad) of Climate Change
Public Good (Bad) of Climate Change
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Social Cost of Carbon (SCC)?
What is Social Cost of Carbon (SCC)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Discount Rate: The Value of Time
Discount Rate: The Value of Time
Signup and view all the flashcards
Uncertainty & Climate Action
Uncertainty & Climate Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Damage Estimates: The Controversial Part
Damage Estimates: The Controversial Part
Signup and view all the flashcards
Climate Change Economics: Key Concepts
Climate Change Economics: Key Concepts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Opportunity Cost of Climate Action
Opportunity Cost of Climate Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Surface water contamination
Surface water contamination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Groundwater Contamination
Groundwater Contamination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Point Source Pollution
Point Source Pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fund Pollutant
Fund Pollutant
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stock Pollutant
Stock Pollutant
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dead Zone
Dead Zone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Thermal Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ocean Pollution
Ocean Pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ephemeral Streams
Ephemeral Streams
Signup and view all the flashcards
CWA Protections
CWA Protections
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rapanos vs. Trump
Rapanos vs. Trump
Signup and view all the flashcards
Steam Electric Effluent
Steam Electric Effluent
Signup and view all the flashcards
Safe Drinking Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Signup and view all the flashcards
Refuse Act (1899)
Refuse Act (1899)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water Pollution Control Act (1948)
Water Pollution Control Act (1948)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water Quality Act (1965)
Water Quality Act (1965)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clean Water Act (1972)
Clean Water Act (1972)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Waters of the US (WOTUS)
Waters of the US (WOTUS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
CWA's Enforcement Delay
CWA's Enforcement Delay
Signup and view all the flashcards
Technology-Based Standards
Technology-Based Standards
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lead and Copper Rule Improvements
Lead and Copper Rule Improvements
Signup and view all the flashcards
PFAS Regulations
PFAS Regulations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ocean Pollution: Oil Spills
Ocean Pollution: Oil Spills
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ocean Pollution: Ocean Dumping
Ocean Pollution: Ocean Dumping
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ocean Pollution: Ocean Trash
Ocean Pollution: Ocean Trash
Signup and view all the flashcards
CWA Costs and Benefits
CWA Costs and Benefits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cost-Effective Strategies
Cost-Effective Strategies
Signup and view all the flashcards
US Water Pollution Regulation
US Water Pollution Regulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Technology Standards vs. Market-Based Approaches
Technology Standards vs. Market-Based Approaches
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cost-Effectiveness of Water Cleanup
Cost-Effectiveness of Water Cleanup
Signup and view all the flashcards
Effluent Standards
Effluent Standards
Signup and view all the flashcards
Marginal Cost vs. Marginal Benefit
Marginal Cost vs. Marginal Benefit
Signup and view all the flashcards
Wastewater Treatment Subsidies
Wastewater Treatment Subsidies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Watershed-based Trading
Watershed-based Trading
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oil Spill Liability
Oil Spill Liability
Signup and view all the flashcards
Incentives for Proper Operation and Maintenance
Incentives for Proper Operation and Maintenance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Capital Costs vs. Operating Costs
Capital Costs vs. Operating Costs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prioritizing Pollution Reduction
Prioritizing Pollution Reduction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Comparative Advantage and Pollution
Comparative Advantage and Pollution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Scale, Composition, and Technique Effects
Scale, Composition, and Technique Effects
Signup and view all the flashcards
Technique Effect Dominance
Technique Effect Dominance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH)
Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH)
Signup and view all the flashcards
EKC and PHH: Trade and Environment
EKC and PHH: Trade and Environment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Grossman and Krueger (1991)
Grossman and Krueger (1991)
Signup and view all the flashcards
EKC: Intensity vs. Levels
EKC: Intensity vs. Levels
Signup and view all the flashcards
Comparative Advantage
Comparative Advantage
Signup and view all the flashcards
How Does Trade Affect the Environment?
How Does Trade Affect the Environment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Scale Effect
Scale Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Technique Effect
Technique Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Composition Effect
Composition Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Trade and the EKC
Trade and the EKC
Signup and view all the flashcards
Trade's Potential Environmental Impact
Trade's Potential Environmental Impact
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pollution Haven Effect (PHE)
Pollution Haven Effect (PHE)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Bias of Trade Policy
Environmental Bias of Trade Policy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Upstreamness of an Industry
Upstreamness of an Industry
Signup and view all the flashcards
Implicit Subsidy on CO2 Emissions
Implicit Subsidy on CO2 Emissions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Globalisation's Environmental Impact
Globalisation's Environmental Impact
Signup and view all the flashcards
Trade War/Protectionism's Environmental Impact
Trade War/Protectionism's Environmental Impact
Signup and view all the flashcards
Procedural Justice in Environmental Decision-Making
Procedural Justice in Environmental Decision-Making
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bargaining Power and Environmental Justice
Bargaining Power and Environmental Justice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Government's Role in Environmental Justice
Government's Role in Environmental Justice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Political Influence and Environmental Disparities
Political Influence and Environmental Disparities
Signup and view all the flashcards
Discrimination in Housing and Environmental Justice
Discrimination in Housing and Environmental Justice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hidden Pollution and Environmental Inequality
Hidden Pollution and Environmental Inequality
Signup and view all the flashcards
Policy Alternatives for Environmental Equity
Policy Alternatives for Environmental Equity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Improving Information Transparency
Improving Information Transparency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tiebout Sorting
Tiebout Sorting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Gentrification
Environmental Gentrification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coasean Bargaining
Coasean Bargaining
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coming to the Nuisance
Coming to the Nuisance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Income as a Factor in Environmental Injustice
Income as a Factor in Environmental Injustice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facilities Relocating & Environmental Injustice
Facilities Relocating & Environmental Injustice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Flood Zones and Low-Income Residents
Flood Zones and Low-Income Residents
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chicken-or-the-Egg Problem
Chicken-or-the-Egg Problem
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Policy Impact
Environmental Policy Impact
Signup and view all the flashcards
Causal Inference
Causal Inference
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Justice (EJ) Gap
Environmental Justice (EJ) Gap
Signup and view all the flashcards
Market-Based Policies and EJ
Market-Based Policies and EJ
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cap-and-Trade and EJ
Cap-and-Trade and EJ
Signup and view all the flashcards
California Cap-and-Trade Program
California Cap-and-Trade Program
Signup and view all the flashcards
C&T and EJ Gap Reversal
C&T and EJ Gap Reversal
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cost-Benefit Analysis and EJ
Cost-Benefit Analysis and EJ
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Housekeeping
- Midterm grades will be posted by the end of the week.
- Problem set 3 is due Friday, November 15th.
- Project idea feedback and corrections for due dates have been posted.
- Meet with the instructor during Weeks 6, 7, or 8 to discuss projects.
- The paper is due December 3rd, not during Thanksgiving week.
Tradeable Permits
- Cap-and-trade policies and Pigouvian policies are market-based approaches that aim to control pollution at the least cost.
- Taxes are price-based instruments, aiming to stabilize prices.
- Permits are quantity-based instruments, ensuring environmental effectiveness.
- Under uncertainty regarding the Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC), the choice of instrument depends on the relative steepness of the Marginal Abatement Benefit (MAB) and MAC curves.
Introduction to Stationary-Source Pollution
- Stationary-source pollution involves pollution generated by factories and plants.
- The source of the pollution, not the pollution itself, remains stationary.
- Mobile sources of air pollution include cars, trucks, and ships.
- In the US, there are an estimated 27,000 regulated major stationary air pollution sources.
- Most of these sources are regulated under the Clean Air Act (CAA) and its amendments.
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970
- The federal government took a stronger, centralized role in air pollution regulation in 1970.
- The Amendments focused on "criteria pollutants," requiring the EPA to establish regulations.
- Criteria pollutants include sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon dioxide (CO2), lead, ozone, and particulate matter (e.g., PM2.5).
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970: NAAQS
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set standards for ambient pollution concentrations over specific time periods (short-term and long-term).
- Annual averages and maximum daily concentrations are used.
- Cost considerations were not taken into account when setting NAAQS levels.
- Standards were set to protect vulnerable members of society.
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970: Implementation and Enforcement
- Each state must develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP).
- SIPs divide states into air-control regions and outline plans to achieve ambient air quality standards.
- If a region does not meet NAAQS, it is categorized as non-attainment, triggering strict pollution control measures imposed by the EPA.
- Non-attainment may involve halting new or modified pollution sources, or withholding federal funding.
Detour: Perverse Incentives
- Current challenges exist in pollution control, where authorities may manipulate monitoring to benefit themselves.
- Examples include spatial gaming, placing monitoring stations in low-pollution areas, and temporal gaming, monitoring pollution only sporadically.
- Modern satellite-based pollution estimations help to examine these biases.
Back to CAAA: New Source Review
- The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 introduced New Source Review (NSR).
- NSR requires new or modified pollution sources to install the best available control technology (BACT).
- BACT must be implemented regardless of cost.
- NSR aims to improve air quality by making pollution controls in existing plants.
Backfires of New Source Review
- NSR can create perverse incentives for polluters to avoid upgrading their facilities if it is expensive.
- The economic cost of upgrading facilities might be prohibitive, potentially making non-upgrade the preferred strategy.
Efficiency of Command and Control (CAC) Regulations
- For CAC regulations to be efficient, the Marginal Benefit (MB) of emission reductions and the Marginal Social Cost (MSC) must be equal.
- The efficiency of the Clean Air Act depends on factors such as threshold pollutants (no damages under a certain threshold), NAAQS levels (no cost considerations), geographic variations in pollution damages, time variations in pollution impacts, and human exposure variations.
Threshold Pollutants
- Threshold pollutants are assumed to have minimal or no external costs until they reach a critical level (threshold).
- NAAQS are based on the health threshold— pollution damages are deemed absent before this threshold.
- Recent evidence suggests that health damages exist at lower levels; SMC is likely upward sloping instead of horizontal.
Level Standard
- The appropriate level of NAAQS should maximize net benefits of policies.
- The calculation of costs and benefits is problematic because the legislation prohibiting cost considerations makes it unlikely, though not impossible, to achieve efficiency.
Uniformity
- NAAQS standards apply uniformly across geographical regions.
- No account is taken of geographic variation in SMC.
- Varying geographic inputs may make attainment standards in some areas more challenging.
Timing
- The timing of emissions can significantly impact the damages from pollution.
- Large spikes in emissions are no different from concentrated emissions (in space).
- Midday ozone pollution is more damaging than nighttime pollution.
- Variations in SMC during the day and year should be accounted for.
Concentration vs. Exposure
- The Clean Air Act focuses on outdoor air concentrations.
- Most Americans only spend time outdoors for a limited portion of the day.
- Regions have different levels of human exposure to outdoor air.
- SMC might be higher in urban areas (higher exposure to pollution), implying stricter standards for efficiency.
1970s CAAA Cost-Effectiveness
- Determining the cost-effectiveness of the CAAA of 1970 is challenging.
- There are no universally agreed-upon least-cost alternatives to compare the CAAA with.
- Eight of nine studies suggest substantial or overwhelming overruns (costs are greater than predicted); one study found only a slight overrun in Los Angeles.
Did the 1970s CAAA Work?
- The data show significant reductions in pollution levels for different pollutants (CO, Ozone, Lead, NO2, PM10).
- Changes over time indicate notable decreases in pollutant levels.
Market-Based Approaches
- Market-based strategies are beneficial in shifting pollution control burden to firms.
- The need for firm-specific info may be reduced.
- Flexibility is advantageous to private firms.
- Pollution prevention and prevention of damage, rather than simply treating pollution, are possible with market-based approaches.
Example 1: RECLAIM Smog Trading
- California's Regional Clean Air Management (RECLAIM) established a smog trading program in 1994.
- The objective was to achieve an 80% reduction in NOx and SOx emissions, achieving reductions of 5-8% annually.
- The program allowed for the buying and selling of permits for pollution reduction, encouraging flexibility.
Example 1: RECLAIM Challenges
- Initially, the program's targets were overly generous, making it less effective.
- A safety valve was incorporated to assist in cases where permit prices became excessively high, temporarily switching the policy to a form of tax.
- Permit prices in regions, such as California, have increased significantly during times of critical demand.
Example 2: Japanese Emissions Charge
- The Japanese system uses government revenues to compensate pollution victims.
- A tax on SO2 and automobile weight directly compensates victims.
- The system encourages abatement through tax increases for pollution.
- Increased victim compensation as the program gains popularity and falling pollution levels due to the tax system among other factors.
CAAA of 1990 & Acid Rain Program (ARP)
- The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 addressed the issue of acid rain, primarily focusing on SO2.
- The Clean Air Act Amendments (1990) introduced a market-based solution via a tradeable permit (cap-and-trade) system to reduce SO2 emissions.
- A major aim was to reduce SO2 emissions by 10 million tons relative to 1980 levels.
ARP's Effects
- The Acid Rain Program achieved near 100% compliance and significantly reduced emissions.
- Railroad deregulation contributed to a reduction in SO2 emissions.
- Benefits primarily related to improved human health were unexpected.
Evaluating the ARP: Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CASPR)
- The CASPR, which was enacted in 2011, removed the ability to trade pollution permits across state lines.
- The market-based pollution permit system was effectively concluded.
- The effectiveness of the market-based tool was not affected, despite the perceived political issues with the system.
- The program is still maligned today.
Clean Air Act Continued Success
- The CAAA remains a very effective strategy for reducing air pollution and maintaining air quality based on recent research.
Conclusions
- Stationary air pollution relates to the immobility of pollution sources, not necessarily the pollution itself.
- The Clean Air Act and its amendments have significantly reduced pollution in the United States.
- The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments weren't cost-effective.
- The focus on local standards encourages the exporting of pollution to neighboring regions.
- Policies from 1990 have significantly improved pollution levels and were designed to be cost-effective.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on cap-and-trade policies, stationary-source pollution, and various market-based approaches to controlling pollution. This quiz will cover the key concepts and instruments used in environmental economics applicable to pollution control strategies.
