34 Questions
What are the two categories of health issues discussed in the lecture?
Physical health and Psychosocial Well-being
What are the three factors considered in environmental epidemiology?
People, Places, and Time
What is one of the sources of data for environmental health monitoring?
Public Health care personnel
What is an example of a non-communicable disease mentioned in the lecture?
Cancers
What is one of the long-term effects of occupational health issues?
Activity limitations
What is the measure of the impact of ill health in communities?
Burden of Diseases
What is an example of a psychosocial well-being issue mentioned in the lecture?
Stress related conditions
What are DALYs and QALYs?
Measures of the burden of diseases
What is a consequence of inadequate water and sanitation?
Diarrhea and vector-related diseases
What is a health consequence of crowded housing and poor ventilation?
Acute and chronic respiratory disease
What is a health consequence of exposure to vehicular and industrial air pollution?
Respiratory diseases and loss of IQ in children
What is a consequence of population movement and encroachment on natural habitats?
Vector-related diseases
What is a health consequence of exposure to naturally occurring toxic substances?
Poisoning
What is a health consequence of climate change?
Injury and death from extreme weather events
What are the health conditions vulnerable to children during the rainy season?
Soil transmitted helminths, pneumonia, and dengue
What are the health risks associated with air pollution for pregnant women?
Gestational diabetes, miscarriages, breast cancer, and preterm birth
What are the environmental factors contributing to hip fractures in the elderly?
Bathroom and stair hazards, air pollution, temperature, and geographical characteristics
What are the health conditions that the sick population is more susceptible to?
Opportunistic infections, COPD and other respiratory conditions, GI disorders, and hypertension
What are the factors that increase the vulnerability of pregnant women to health risks?
Air pollution, heavy metals and PFAS exposure
What are the health risks associated with indoor air pollution in children?
Pneumonia and other respiratory diseases
What is a potential health risk associated with ozone depletion from industrial and commercial activities?
Skin cancer and cataracts
What is the role of an environmental health technician?
Food inspectors, building inspectors, or pest control officers
Which population group may be more vulnerable to environmental health concerns due to their compromised immune system?
The sick
What is a potential factor contributing to differences in health and disease patterns between the 1st world and 3rd world countries?
Environmental exposure
What is the role of an epidemiologist in the field of environmental health?
To study the distribution and determinants of environmental health problems
What is the primary responsibility of a laboratory analytical scientist in environmental health?
Conducting analyses of water, food, soil, and air samples, as well as human tissues
What are the primary health concerns for indigenous people, and what factors contribute to these health issues?
Primary health concerns include waterborne diseases, lower life expectancy, micronutrient deficiency, underweight and stunting, and high infant and maternal mortality. Factors contributing to these health issues include contaminated water, natural disasters, arm conflicts, geographic isolation, food insecurity, and integrational cycle of malnutrition.
How do health conditions differ between 1st world and 3rd world countries, and what factors contribute to these differences?
Health conditions in 1st world countries include obesity and chronic diseases, while 3rd world countries face undernutrition and communicable diseases. Factors contributing to these differences include food security, economic disparity, lifestyle, urbanization, industrialization, poor sanitation and sewage systems, overcrowding, and limited access to healthcare.
What health concerns are specific to males and females, and what factors contribute to these health issues?
Males are more prone to CVD, Osteoarthritis, and Alzheimer's, while females are more susceptible to other health issues. Factors contributing to these health issues include occupational hazards, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors.
What health concerns are specific to children under 5 years old and working groups, and what factors contribute to these health issues?
Children under 5 are more susceptible to diarrheal diseases, Crohn's, pediatric AIDS, and asthma, while working groups face health issues related to occupational hazards. Factors contributing to these health issues include hygiene and sanitation, susceptibility to rotavirus, food intake, perinatal transmission, and environmental factors.
How do health concerns differ between rainy and dry seasons, and what factors contribute to these health issues?
In rainy seasons, health concerns include flu, dengue, and heatstroke, while in dry seasons, concerns include asthma and respiratory issues. Factors contributing to these health issues include crowding, extreme temperatures, humidity, and breeding grounds for disease vectors.
What are the common health concerns in areas with contaminated water and sanitation, and what factors contribute to these health issues?
Common health concerns include waterborne diseases, micronutrient deficiency, and undernutrition. Factors contributing to these health issues include contaminated water, poor sanitation, and lack of access to clean water and sanitation facilities.
How do geographic isolation and food insecurity contribute to health concerns in indigenous communities?
Geographic isolation and food insecurity contribute to health concerns such as micronutrient deficiency, undernutrition, and stunting in indigenous communities. Limited access to healthcare and healthy food options exacerbate these health issues.
What are the health consequences of natural disasters, arm conflicts, and geographic isolation, and how do these factors contribute to health concerns in indigenous communities?
Health consequences include waterborne diseases, micronutrient deficiency, and undernutrition. Natural disasters, arm conflicts, and geographic isolation contribute to these health issues by limiting access to healthcare, clean water, and sanitation facilities.
Study Notes
Indices and Patterns of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Respiratory problems: public and occupational
- Injuries: public and occupational
- Reproductive problems: public and occupational
- Cancers: public and occupational
- Communicable diseases: public
- Noise effects: occupational
- Skin problems: occupational
- Days of absence from work: occupational
- Activity limitations: long-term occupational
Psychosocial Well-being
- Changes in quality of life
- Changes in cultural and social patterns
- Crime rates
- Rates of drug and substance abuse
- Stress-related conditions
- Relocations
Environmental Epidemiology
- Occurrence and patterns of disease consider:
- People: age groups, vulnerabilities, health status, ethnicity, cultural health practices
- Places: latitude, climate, topography, zonation
- Time: seasonality, frequency of exposure, duration of exposure
Environmental Health Monitoring
- Data providers/sources:
- Public Health care personnel
- Private practitioners
- Hospital Records
- Laboratory records
- Health Insurance records
- Research surveys
Word Bank Additions
- Burden of Diseases (Public Health Impact):
- Measure of impact of ill health in communities
- Series of mortality, morbidity, and disability
- DALY's, QALY's
- PAHs, POPs, SPMs, NOXs, SOxs
Underlying Determinants of Possible Adverse Health and Safety Consequences
- Inadequate water, sanitation, and solid waste disposal, improper hygiene:
- Diarrhea and vector-related diseases
- Improper water resource management:
- Vector-related diseases
- Crowded housing and poor ventilation of smoke:
- Acute and chronic respiratory disease, including lung cancer
- Exposures to vehicular and industrial air pollution:
- Respiratory diseases, some cancers, and loss of IQ in children
- Population movement and encroachment and construction:
- Vector-related diseases and spread of infectious diseases
- Exposure to naturally occurring toxic substances:
- Poisoning from substances like arsenic, manganese, and fluorides
- Natural resources degradation:
- Injury and death from landslides and flooding
- Climate change:
- Injury/death from extreme heat/cold, floods, and fires
- Indirect effects: spread of vector-borne diseases, aggravation of respiratory diseases, population dislocation, water pollution from sea-level rise
- Ozone depletion:
- Skin cancer, cataracts
- Indirect effect: compromised food production
Environmental Health Professionals
- Environmental health officer: sanitary inspectors
- Environmental health technicians: food inspectors, environmental health, building inspectors, pest control officer
- Environmental inspector: engineering or chemistry backgrounds
- Epidemiologist: focused on environmental health
- Ergonomist: engineers, physiotherapists, psychologists
- Laboratory Analytical Scientist: biochemical labs for water, food, soil, air analyses, human tissues samples, microbiological contaminants, and maintenance and calibration of monitoring equipment
This quiz covers indices and patterns of environmental and occupational health, including respiratory problems, injuries, reproductive health, and cancers.
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