Environmental and Land-Use Planning - Lecture 3
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Questions and Answers

What is the issue causing the problem of large quantities of waste, air emissions, wastewater and solid waste production?

Industrial enterprises

Why are industrial enterprises detrimental to the inhabitants?

Wastewater contaminated with various substances that is discharged into the water bodies.

The ______ of the city is one of the important elements of the material-technical base of social production and a necessary condition for its functioning.

Transport

The combustion of fuel in engine cylinders forms only non-toxic substances.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of pollution causes a major issue for the environment?

<p>Acoustic pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main toxic component of exhaust gases released during the operation of gasoline engines is carbon monoxide.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the priority areas of reduction of environmental pollution by motor transport?

<p>Use of new types of vehicles, minimally polluting electric vehicles, rational organization and management of traffic flows, and the use of better and more environmentally friendly fuels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major problem at present from both the ecological and economic sides?

<p>Domestic sewage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Household domestic waste water entering the hydrosphere can be decomposed by oxygen-consuming colonies of bacteria.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens with the restricted access of oxygen to the sewage?

<p>The activity of aerobic bacteria decreases, thereby developing the anaerobic bacteria, implying the process of decay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

With sewage from domestic wastewaters into the water, pesticides, phenols and surfactants can be fully decomposed.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does environmental pollution from household waste affect?

<p>The person through air, water, foods of plant origin grown on the poisoned soil debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recycling of trash is becoming increasingly common.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two most common methods of disposal of waste?

<p>Incineration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Landfills are an innocent method of waste disposal.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the adequate conditions of life required?

<p>Safety and adequate conditions of life of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What needs to be ensured for the benefit of present and future generations?

<p>The protection and rational use of natural resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the local governments take into account when planning?

<p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

All functional areas are equally dependent on environmental factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three production zones that are most dependent on environmental factors?

<p>Production zones, zones of engineering and transport infrastructures, and residential and recreational areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a production zone designed to accommodate?

<p>Industrial, municipal and warehouse facilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended placement for the production area?

<p>Areas with a calm relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an enterprise provide convenience for?

<p>Workers, external facilities and urban transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Production areas don't need to take into account the sanitary protection of objects and their surroundings.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Residential houses, preschool and educational institutions, and healthcare institutions are allowed in the sanitary protection zones.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leisure, recreational and sports facilities, horticultural, suburban and gardening cooperatives and agricultural production are allowed in the sanitary protection zones.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The zones of engineering and transport infrastructure should only focus on accommodating activities and facilities related to communications.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the required distances for the facilities related to engineering and transport infrastructure?

<p>The required distances from such facilities to areas of residential, social, business and recreational areas, and other requirements to prevent harmful effects on the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be understood regarding the objects of engineering and transport infrastructure?

<p>They should be understood in relation to whether they have the feature of a direct harmful impact on the security of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facilities that have a direct harmful impact on the security of the population should be located outside urban and rural settlements.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the recreational areas intended for?

<p>They are intended for the organization of places of rest for the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recreational areas should be located in areas conducive to a more relaxed and enjoyable atmosphere, separate from any industrial, communal, or storage objects.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of facilities are allowed in the recreational areas?

<p>Only industrial, municipal and warehouse facilities which are directly related to the operation of facilities health and recreational purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Territorial planning of the municipal district is a complex process.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main documents needed for the preparation of territorial planning?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to article 18 of the town planning Code of the Russian Federation, what are the territorial planning documents of municipalities?

<p>Territorial planning schemes of municipal districts, master plans of settlements, and master plans of urban districts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ecological footprint?

<p>A measure of how much biologically productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes, and to absorb the waste it generates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the parameters of the natural environment that should be included in the planning of urban areas?

<p>Air quality, drinking water quality, the presence or absence of green areas, noise, and the presence or absence of unattractive objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of landscaping and the absence of industrial facilities have little impact on people's opinions about the quality of the environment.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the ecological factors or elements of the environment that should be considered when planning land use?

<p>They are natural or anthropogenic and are considered when planning land use to ensure favorable living conditions of the population and protection of sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems from pollution and other negative impacts of economic and other activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Environmental and Land-Use Planning

  • Lecture 3: Pollution and Environmental Protection
  • The world faces increasingly severe environmental, social, and economic problems, challenging current production systems and sustainability.
  • Land resources are significantly imbalanced.
  • Land is a vital natural resource crucial for human survival and prosperity, forming the platform for human activities and the source of necessary materials.
  • Globally, in 2009, available land totaled 13,003,468.05 hectares.

Introduction

  • Land performs essential functions beyond production, including regulating the atmosphere, water cycles, and mineral supply.
  • Land components work together in a natural balance that humans must maintain for sustainable activity.
  • Human activities demand land resources, frequently leading to land use conflicts.

Land use

  • Breakdown of global land use in 2009:
    • Country Area: 13,459,123.35 hectares
    • Land Area: 13,003,468.05 hectares
    • Agricultural Area: 4,889,048.21 hectares
    • Forest Area: 4,038,719.46 hectares
    • Other Land: 4,088,049.47 hectares
    • Inland Water: 455,656.30 hectares

Land Degradation

  • Land degradation: A global issue threatening the livelihoods of over a billion people.
  • Over 2 billion hectares worldwide are degraded.
  • Two-fifths of the land area is arid.
  • 65% of arable land might have already lost some of its functions.
  • Many factors contribute to the issue of land degradation, including desertification, biodiversity loss, deforestation, and water degradation.

Land use Impacts

  • Land is a highly sought-after resource due to various human activities, with some use being overlapping
  • Intense competition often arises between the different uses.

Degradation of Biodiversity

  • Biodiversity is the diversity of ecosystems, species, breeds, varieties, and genomes.
  • Biodiversity is an important source of natural resources and international and local economic wealth, yielding both direct and indirect benefits.
    • Direct: direct exploitation (monetary gain)
    • Indirect: subsequent resources
    • Option value: future use.
    • Existence value: subjective and moral value.
  • Human activities such as intensive agriculture, overgrazing, uncontrolled industries, and unplanned urbanization frequently conflict with biodiversity conservation and management.
  • In some cases, these negative impacts lead to irreversible losses in animal and plant species.

Desertification and Soil Erosion

  • Desertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas; due to various factors, including climatic variations and human activities.
  • It's not a natural process, but rather soil degradation in these regions.
  • Desertification contributes to the progressive loss of soil productivity and vegetation cover due to human activities and climate variations.

Degradation of Water Quality

  • Aquatics pollution: occurs when the balance in water bodies is altered.
  • This alteration arises from excessive intake of substances, either more or less harmful, resulting from natural or human activities.
  • Land use decisions, particularly development decisions, significantly affect water quality, depending on the intensity of land use (low intensity, high intensity).

Degradation of Air and Atmosphere & Global Warming

  • Human activities, like deforestation, urban sprawl, agriculture, alter and fragment the natural landscape. This disturbance changes atmospheric substance concentrations (like carbon dioxide).
  • Changes in atmospheric substance concentrations impact energy flows balance.
  • Air quality degradation directly relates to climate change/global warming and is considered one of the most environmental, social, and economic crucial concerns threatening the Earth today.

Contamination from Waste

  • Waste contamination is a significant global issue.
  • Proper waste management is crucial for human health and environmental protection.
  • Poor waste management poses health risks to humans and other organisms and disrupts economic activities such as tourism.
  • Inappropriate disposal of waste impacts the quality of human life.

Land Use Impacts of Mining

  • Mining activities have significant environmental and human impacts. The top impacts of mineral extraction are:
    • Impacts on water resources: Acid mine drainage, leaching of contaminants, water quality degradation in rivers and steams.
    • Impacts on air quality: Emissions occurring throughout various mining activities - exploration, development, construction, and operations; related to dusts and other particles from materials mobilization.
    • Impacts on wildlife: Destruction of vegetation and soil cover, wildlife movement disruption, pollutant release, and noise. -Impacts on soil quality: Erosion of exposed soils, sediment transport, release and leaks of harmful materials, and contaminated dust contribute negatively.
    • Impacts on social values: Health and safety concerns of miners, and their surrounding communities from risks posed by various mining-related sources.

Environmental Risks Relating to Public Services Management

  • Local areas (municipalities and authorities) have high visible impacts due to provided services, including potable water, waste disposal, domestic waste, transport, energy, communications.

The Impact of Individual Industries on the Environment of the City

  • Industrial influence. The formation of large quantities of waste: air emissions and wastewater and solid waste production; from mining and processing enterprises.
  • Transportation influence. Noise levels, toxic substances, inefficiently managed/discarded vehicles/materials contribute negatively to the environment.
  • Sewage and waste water. Decomposition of sewage and waste can contaminate water.
  • Municipal solid waste: Entering the soil chemical compounds accumulate, leading to gradual change of chemical and physical soil properties.

Consideration of Environmental Factors in the Planning System

  • To achieve sustainable and safe living conditions, environmental factors need to be considered when planning.
  • Proper consideration of environmental factors avoids negative impacts on human life.
  • Some production zones, infrastructures, zones for industrial/transport/recreation, sanitary zones, etc. should consider the locations of these within their respective localities and ensure efficient and safe development of these zones/areas.

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Environmental And Land-Use Planning Lecture Notes PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on Lecture 3 of the Environmental and Land-Use Planning course, which discusses pollution and environmental protection. Explore the challenges posed by current production systems and the critical role of land in human survival. Key stats from global land use in 2009 are also highlighted, along with the importance of maintaining natural balance.

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