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Questions and Answers

Which economic sector is mainly involved in extracting raw materials from the natural environment?

  • Quaternary Sector
  • Tertiary Sector
  • Primary Sector (correct)
  • Secondary Sector

Which of the following is an example of a business operating in the tertiary sector?

  • A coal mining company
  • A retail store (correct)
  • A wheat farm
  • A car manufacturing factory

In the context of economic sectors, what is the role of the secondary sector?

  • Extracting raw materials
  • Providing financial services
  • Managing public relations
  • Manufacturing and processing raw materials (correct)

A disruption in which sector would most immediately cause shortages of raw materials for manufacturers?

<p>Primary Sector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the tertiary sector support the primary sector?

<p>By providing financial capital and transport services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'sustainable use of resources' mean in the context of economic sectors?

<p>Using resources to meet present needs without compromising future generations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the secondary sector in economic development?

<p>Converting raw materials into higher-value goods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key contribution of the tertiary sector to a developed economy?

<p>It facilitates trade, finance, and tourism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a drought in an agricultural region impact the secondary and tertiary sectors?

<p>It would lead to shortages of raw materials for manufacturers and limit stock for retailers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a country aims to improve its balance of trade, which sector should it primarily focus on developing to increase exports?

<p>The secondary sector, by converting raw materials into higher-value goods for export (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the implementation of 'green logistics' in transport services contribute to sustainability?

<p>By reducing the carbon footprint of transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'Purchasing' department within a business?

<p>Obtaining raw materials and services at optimal prices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which business function is most directly responsible for attracting and retaining customers?

<p>Marketing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does the 'Financing' function play in a business?

<p>Managing funds and sourcing capital (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which business function focuses on building positive relationships with stakeholders and enhancing the company's image?

<p>Public Relations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is effective coordination among different business functions important?

<p>To avoid inefficiencies and lost profits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the 'Human Resources' function?

<p>Recruiting, training, and managing employees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the 'Risk Management' function in a business?

<p>To identify and mitigate potential threats to the business (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a business is experiencing high production costs, which function should be examined first to identify potential improvements?

<p>Production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company's new marketing campaign has inadvertently offended a segment of its customer base. Which function should take the lead in addressing the issue?

<p>Public Relations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of a business plan provides a brief overview of the entire plan, highlighting key goals and financial projections?

<p>Executive Summary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What section of a business plan outlines the legal structure, location, and ownership details of the company?

<p>Company Description (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a business plan, what is the purpose of the 'Market Analysis' section?

<p>To assess the target market, competitors, and industry trends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a business plan includes an assessment of internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats?

<p>SWOT Analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Production/Operations Plan' in a business plan detail?

<p>The process of transforming inputs into outputs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a clear 'Product/Service Description' important in a business plan?

<p>To show investors the offering meets market demand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the business plan includes details about pricing strategies, distribution channels, and sales forecasts?

<p>Marketing Plan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'SWOT' analysis primarily help a business to do?

<p>Plan strategies based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a SWOT analysis, which of the following is an example of a 'threat'?

<p>Economic downturn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the financial plan demonstrates the timing of money coming into and going out of the business?

<p>Cash Flow Statements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for a business plan to include a break-even analysis?

<p>To show investors the point at which total sales equal total costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A business has identified a new, disruptive technology that could significantly improve its production efficiency. However, adopting this technology requires substantial upfront investment and retraining of the workforce. In the context of a SWOT analysis, how should the business classify these factors?

<p>Opportunity and Weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A startup company is developing a new app targeting a niche market. They face stiff competition from established players with larger marketing budgets. Furthermore, changing privacy regulations could impact their data collection methods. Simultaneously, consumer demand for this type of app is rapidly growing. If a large tech company offered to acquire this startup, how would these elements collectively shape the startup's negotiation strategy during the acquisition talks?

<p>The startup should leverage the growing consumer demand as a strength and the potential acquisition as an opportunity, while addressing competition and regulatory risks to justify a higher valuation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mature business is reevaluating its long-term strategy. A key element under consideration is whether to vertically integrate by acquiring one of its primary suppliers. This acquisition would provide greater control over raw material costs and supply chain reliability. However, it would also require significant capital investment and expose the business to the risks associated with the supplier's operations, including fluctuations in commodity process and potential labor disputes. If the business assesses that the potential benefits of vertical integration align with its core competencies and risk appetite, but the capital investment would strain its financial resources, how should the SWOT analysis inform its decision-making process towards vertical integration?

<p>Seek strategic partnerships or alternative financing options to mitigate the capital strain while capitalizing on the potential benefits of supply chain control and stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector is responsible for converting raw materials into finished products?

<p>Secondary Sector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity exemplifies a business operating in the primary sector?

<p>Coal Mining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of a sustainable practice in the primary sector?

<p>Crop Rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of financial institutions in relation to the primary and secondary sectors?

<p>They provide capital and financial services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of the secondary sector in economic development?

<p>Conversion of resources into higher-value goods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is digital literacy increasingly important across all economic sectors?

<p>To enhance communication and efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which business function is focused on maintaining organized systems?

<p>Administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary goal is achieved by the 'Marketing' function within a company?

<p>Attracting and retaining customers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of the Human Resources function within a business?

<p>Recruiting and training employees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which business function plays a crucial role in sourcing capital for business growth?

<p>Financing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is coordination among the different business functions vital for a company's success?

<p>To facilitate smooth operations and achieve business goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'Risk Management' function contribute to the sustainability of a business?

<p>By protecting the business from potential losses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Executive Summary in a business plan?

<p>To offer a brief overview of the entire plan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of a business plan includes information about the company's mission statement and values?

<p>Company Description (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in a business plan would you typically find information about pricing strategies and distribution channels?

<p>Marketing Plan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of including a Cash Flow Statement in a business plan's Financial Plan?

<p>To demonstrate the timing of money in versus money out (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a SWOT analysis, what distinguishes 'Strengths' and 'Weaknesses' from 'Opportunities' and 'Threats'?

<p>Strengths and Weaknesses are internal, while Opportunities and Threats are external. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a business plan details the physical resources necessary for production?

<p>Production/Operations Plan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the 'Management Plan' section within a Business Plan?

<p>Defining the organizational structure and staffing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategic question does 'SWOT' analysis primarily help a business address?

<p>How can we leverage our advantages against challenges? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a 'Product/Service Description' in a business plan?

<p>Convincing investors that the offering meets market demand and has competitive advantages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A rise in the cost of essential raw materials for a manufacturer would be categorized as what in a SWOT analysis?

<p>Threat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the business plan includes details about suppliers and the process of ensuring consistent product standards?

<p>Production Plan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company has a highly skilled workforce but struggles with outdated technology. It notices a new market segment emerging which its current products do not serve, but competitors are already moving in. How should they classify these factors in a SWOT analysis?

<p>Strength: skilled workforce; Weakness: outdated technology; Opportunity: new market segment; Threat: competitors moving in (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interrelationship between the tertiary and primary sectors primarily manifest?

<p>Through the provision of financial, transport, and other services to the primary sector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most immediate impact of a widespread disease affecting livestock within the primary sector?

<p>Shortages of raw materials for related processing industries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a country decides to prioritize the growth of its tourism industry, on which sector is it primarily focusing?

<p>Tertiary sector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates a sustainable practice within the secondary sector?

<p>Implementing recycling programs for by-products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do digital services in the tertiary sector contribute to sustainable resource use?

<p>By promoting remote meeting options (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What competence is particularly critical for success among employees in the tertiary sector?

<p>Customer service and communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'Purchasing' within a company's broader operation?

<p>To acquire the needed materials at the best price and quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which department is entrusted with shaping and upholding a positive image of a business?

<p>Public Relations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A new business with a disruptive technology faces high initial investment costs and needs to retrain its workforce. How should these factors be classified in a SWOT analysis?

<p>Investment costs as Threat, retraining as Weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A business identifies a trend indicating increased consumer interest in eco-friendly products. How would this development typically be classified within a SWOT analysis?

<p>Opportunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a small-scale farming cooperative aiming to expand into processing its produce into value-added products. While they possess deep knowledge of organic farming practices, they lack modern processing equipment and face stiff competition from established brands. Furthermore, a looming water scarcity issue threatens their crop yields. If a government grant program for sustainable agriculture were announced, how would these various elements shape their strategic positioning?

<p>Strengths: Organic farming practices and Deep knowledge; Weaknesses: Processing equipment lack; Opportunities: Government grant program; Threats: Water scarcity and Established brands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector of the economy directly relies on extracting or harvesting natural resources?

<p>Primary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A construction company transforming raw materials into buildings operates within which economic sector?

<p>Secondary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector of the economy includes businesses that provide services to consumers and other businesses?

<p>Tertiary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bakery transforms wheat into bread. This activity represents a relationship between which two sectors?

<p>Primary to Secondary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct impact of promoting 'green logistics' within the tertiary sector?

<p>Reduced carbon footprint in transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is most concerned with maintaining accurate financial records and ensuring compliance?

<p>Administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of integrating quality control measures into the production plan?

<p>To ensure consistent product standards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial for a business plan to include projected income statements?

<p>To project revenues, costs, and profits over a specific period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the management plan serve within a comprehensive business plan?

<p>It presents the organizational chart, staffing requirements, and HR policies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a business is facing increasing competition from new market entrants, how should this be classified in a SWOT analysis?

<p>Threat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which business function is responsible for sourcing raw materials and negotiating the best prices?

<p>Purchasing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What section of a business plan outlines anticipated assets, liabilities, and owner's equity?

<p>Balance Sheet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies sustainable resource use specifically within the secondary sector?

<p>Using energy-efficient machinery to reduce waste and pollution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key objective of the 'Risk Management' function within a company, and how does it relate to sustainability?

<p>To protect the business from potential losses and ensure continuity through compliance, contributing to its long-term stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the effective management of 'Purchasing' contribute to the overall financial health of a business?

<p>By controlling the cost of inputs and ensuring timely supply to avoid production delays. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A business faces rising energy costs but also has an opportunity to adopt renewable energy sources, though upfront costs are high. How would these elements be classified in a SWOT analysis?

<p>Rising energy costs: Threat; Renewable energy: Opportunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A local farm supplies fresh produce to a nearby restaurant. A drought significantly reduces the farm's output. How does this primarily impact the restaurant from a business perspective?

<p>Causes potential shortages and increased costs of ingredients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of 'Public Relations' within a company, and how does it contribute to the company's overall performance?

<p>Managing the company's public image and communications to build positive relationships and enhance reputation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does implementing digital services in the tertiary sector contribute to the sustainable use of resources?

<p>By lowering paper usage through electronic documentation and remote meeting options. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios represents a potential conflict between the 'Production' and 'Purchasing' functions within a business?

<p>Production requests higher-quality raw materials that Purchasing deems too expensive, leading to disagreements on cost versus quality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary information conveyed in the 'Company Description' section of a business plan?

<p>Details the legal structure, location, and ownership background of the business. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the financial sector (tertiary) supports operations within both the primary and secondary sectors.

<p>By providing capital and financial services necessary for funding and growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a well-crafted 'Product/Service Description' in a business plan influence potential investors or stakeholders?

<p>By demonstrating that the offering meets market demand and stands out against competitors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A startup has a groundbreaking technology that can revolutionize an industry, but lacks funding for scaling production. How should these factors be classified in a SWOT analysis?

<p>Technology: Strength; Lack of funding: Weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a marketing campaign inadvertently offends a segment of the customer base, how should the business functions coordinate to address the issue effectively?

<p>Public Relations leads in crafting a response, with input from Marketing and Legal to ensure an appropriate and sensitive resolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A manufacturing company discovers its products are causing unexpected environmental damage. Which business function should take the lead in addressing this crisis?

<p>Production, to overhaul manufacturing processes and reduce environmental impact, while coordinating with Public Relations for external communications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a business that excels in innovation but struggles with efficient scaling of production. Simultaneously, there is increasing consumer demand for their product, but new regulations could drastically increase compliance costs. Which integrated approach, informed by a SWOT analysis, should the business prioritize?

<p>Focus on streamlining production processes while lobbying for favorable regulatory outcomes, leveraging innovation as a key negotiating point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A business with a strong brand and loyal customer base (strength) faces rising labor costs (weakness) and potential market expansion into Asia (opportunity), but must also contend with aggressive pricing from competitors (threat). How should the business integrate these elements into a cohesive strategic plan?

<p>Invest in automation to mitigate labor costs, adapt products for the Asian market, and emphasize brand value over competing on price alone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a company identifies a new, disruptive technology that could significantly improve its production efficiency (opportunity). However, adopting this technology requires substantial upfront investment and retraining of the workforce (weakness). How should the business classify these factors?

<p>Technology: Opportunity; Investment/Retraining: Threat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A well-established company with a reputation for quality has significant operational inefficiencies leading to higher production costs than competitors (weakness). Market research indicates a growing consumer preference for eco-friendly products (opportunity), but also reveals that several new competitors are entering the market (threat). Simultaneously, the company has a highly skilled but aging workforce (strength/weakness). What integrated strategy should this company pursue?

<p>Leverage the company’s reputation for quality to justify a premium price, targeting niche markets willing to pay more for sustainable products, while offering retraining programs for the workforce. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mature business is reevaluating its long-term strategy. A key element under consideration is whether to vertically integrate by acquiring one of its primary suppliers. This acquisition would provide greater control over raw material costs and supply chain reliability (opportunity). However, it would also require significant capital investment and expose the business to the risks associated with the supplier's operations, including fluctuations in commodity prices and potential labor disputes (threat/weakness). If the business assesses that the potential benefits of vertical integration align with its core competencies and risk appetite, but the capital investment would strain its financial resources and potential disruptions, how should the SWOT analysis inform its decision-making process towards vertical integration?

<p>Explore alternative strategies such as long-term supply contract with price ceilings, while investing in internal risk management capabilities to protect against supply chain vulnerabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Craft a scenario where a business in the secondary sector, heavily reliant on just-in-time delivery from the primary sector, faces a sudden, catastrophic disruption in the primary sector (e.g., a volcanic eruption halting all mining operations for a key mineral). Simultaneously, a competitor has invested heavily in predictive analytics to forecast and mitigate exactly these kinds of supply chain disruptions. The disrupted business, however, has cultivated exceptionally strong relationships with its remaining suppliers, built on decades of mutual trust and preferential treatment. However, this business has a history of being slow to adopt new technologies and processes. The business needs to decide to either invest in adopting more robust technological analytics and predictive intelligence, or leverage the existing relationships to acquire necessary minerals to continue production. What would be the best solution, applying SWOT?

<p>Create a two-part solution. The first part consists of leveraging existing relationships. Simultaneously, begin a long-term and gradual transition to predictive analytics and more robust risk-management and supply-chain processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hyper-growth AI startup with a revolutionary algorithm achieves near-monopolistic market share within its niche (strength). It is led by a visionary founder, but suffers from limited operational management experience within its executive team (weakness). Consumer demand is skyrocketing due to recent advancements in AI acceptance and adoption (opportunity). However, potential future regulatory actions from various world governments threaten to cripple or outlaw specific AI applications (threat). Framing all the factors, propose a holistic go-forward strategy to best balance the constraints and maximize the business.

<p>Initiate a global marketing campaign touting a commitment to AI safety and ethical algorithm design, proactively lobbying key regulatory bodies while diversifying into tangential markets less likely to draw regulatory fire. Replace operational executives with globally-renowned regulatory experts, and open-source the core AI technology under an MIT license. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primary Sector

The sector involved in extracting raw materials from the earth or natural environment.

Secondary Sector

The sector focused on manufacturing and processing raw materials into finished products.

Tertiary Sector

The sector that provides services to businesses and consumers.

Primary Sector Businesses

Farms, fishing vessels and mining companies, all involved in extracting natural resources.

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Secondary Sector Businesses

Factories and construction firms that turns raw materials into finished goods with machinery and skilled labor.

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Tertiary Sector Businesses

Banks, retailers, and transport companies, providing services to consumers and other businesses.

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Sustainable Use of Resources

Using resources that meet present needs without compromising future generations.

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Primary Sector Sustainability

Responsible farming practices like crop rotation and soil conservation.

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Secondary Sector Sustainability

Eco-friendly processes, like reducing waste and recycling by-products, in manufacturing.

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Tertiary Sector Sustainability

Green logistics and digital services to reduce environmental impact.

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Role of the Primary Sector

Source of raw materials, major employer, and significant contributor to exports.

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Role of the Secondary Sector

Adds value by converting raw resources into higher-value goods, drives industrial growth, and creates diverse jobs.

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Role of the Tertiary Sector

Largest sector in many developed economies, facilitating trade, finance, tourism, education and healthcare.

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Skills in the Primary Sector

Skills like operating machinery and basic environmental knowledge.

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Skills in the Secondary Sector

Skills such as technical engineering, production, and problem-solving abilities.

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Skills in the Tertiary Sector

Skills like communication, customer service, and specialist training (e.g., IT, finance).

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Administration definition

Recordkeeping and internal coordination within a business.

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Purchasing definition

Acquiring materials at optimal prices and quality.

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Marketing definition

Understanding needs, planning promotions, and setting prices.

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Financing definition

Managing funds and financial planning for solvency and growth.

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Public Relations definition

Managing image; builds positive relationships.

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Human Resources definition

Recruits, trains, and manages employee welfare.

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Production

Transforms inputs into final product.

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General Management definition

Oversees ops & sets strategies.

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Risk Management definition

Identifies & mitigates business threats.

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Business Plan

A document articulting the business idea, target market, and financial projections.

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Executive Summary

Snapshot of entire plan containing goals, mission, and key financial highlights.

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Company description

Includes legal structure, location, and ownership background.

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Product/Service Description

Details of what you sell or provide, its features, and advantages.

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Market analysis

Details the target customer, overview of competitors, and industry trends.

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SWOT Analysis

A tool to evaluate business Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

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Strengths definition

Internal positive attributes.

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Weaknesses definition

Internal limitations.

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Opportunities definition

External factors that could help the business.

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Threats definition

External factors that could harm the business.

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Promotion (Marketing Plan)

Channels such as social media,radio, or TV and brand positioning.

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Primary Sector → Secondary Sector

Raw materials are transformed into products.

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Secondary Sector → Tertiary Sector

Finished goods are sold to customers

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Tertiary Sector → Primary & Secondary

Services that provide capital to mining and factories

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Marketing Plan

Details how to advertise, price, distribute, and manage customer service.

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Production Plan

Details the raw materials, production process, quality control, and output.

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Management Plan

An overview of the company's structure, staffing requirements, and policies.

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Financial Plan

A projection of income, balance, and cash flow to assess the business' finances.

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Breakeven Analysis

Point at which total sales equal total costs.

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Importance of Administration

Ensures compliance, data accuracy, and smooth information flow in a company.

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Importance of Purchasing

Controls input costs, ensures timely supply for production or service needs.

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Importance of Marketing

Attracts/retains customers, boosts sales, and builds brand recognition.

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Importance of Financing

Ensures business solvency, funds growth, and maintains positive cash flow.

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Importance of Public Relations

Builds positive relationships, enhances trust, and shapes public image.

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Importance of Human Resources

Secures skilled workforce, fosters motivation, and ensures legal compliance.

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Importance of Production

Core of manufacturing/service delivery; ensures quality, efficiency, and meets demand.

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Importance of General Management

Provides leadership, coordinates departments, and ensures goals are met.

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Importance of Risk Management

Protects against unexpected losses, ensures continuity, and compliance.

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Components of Production Plan

Suppliers, production steps, capacity, and quality maintenance.

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Components of Marketing Plan

Advertising channels, sales tactics, brand placement.

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Components of Management Plan

Company structure, team roles, and workforce guidelines.

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Components of Financial Plan

Startup costs, income potential, and funds flow.

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Raw Materials (Production Plan)

Where materials come from and supply reliability.

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Process Flow (Production Plan)

Steps to manufacture products.

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Quality Control (Production Plan)

Methods to ensure consistent product standards.

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Scheduling & Capacity (Production Plan)

Output level to meet demand.

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Price Strategy (Marketing Plan)

Cost-based, competitive, or value-based strategies.

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Placement (Marketing Plan)

Retail, e-commerce, direct sales, franchises.

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People (Marketing Plan)

Sales team and customer service.

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Organizational Structure (Management Plan)

Chart showing roles.

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Staffing (Management Plan)

Skills needed; recruits.

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Policies (Management Plan)

Codes of conduct and policies.

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Initial Expenses (Financial)

Startup spending.

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Projected Income Statement (Financial)

Revenue-expenses=profits.

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Balance Sheet (Financial)

Assets, liabilities

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Cash Flow Statement (Financial)

Inflow versus outflow timeline.

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Study Notes

  • Entrepreneurship involves understanding economic sectors, business functions, and creating business plans.

Sectors of the Economy

  • The economy is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.

Primary Sector

  • Focuses on extracting raw materials from the earth or natural environment.
  • Examples include agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing.

Secondary Sector

  • Involves manufacturing and processing raw materials into finished or semi-finished products.
  • Examples include factories, construction, and processing plants.

Tertiary Sector

  • Provides services to businesses and consumers.
  • Examples include transport, retail, finance, tourism, hospitality, and professional services.

Types of Businesses in Each Sector

  • Primary sector businesses extract/harvest natural resources like soil, water, and minerals.
  • Secondary sector businesses convert raw inputs into finished goods, requiring machinery and skilled labor.
  • Tertiary sector businesses provide services relying on human interaction.

Interrelationships Among the Three Sectors

  • Raw materials from the primary sector (e.g., wheat) are processed into products (e.g., bread) in the secondary sector.
  • Finished goods from the secondary sector (e.g., bread) reach consumers via retailers in the tertiary sector.
  • The tertiary sector provides capital to primary (mining) and secondary (factories) sectors through financial institutions.
  • Transport services (tertiary) deliver goods to markets.
  • Disruptions in one sector impact the others, illustrating interdependence, such as drought impacting manufacturers and retailers.

Sustainable Use of Resources

  • Involves meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs.
  • Primary sector practices include responsible farming, regulated fishing, and rehabilitation after mining.
  • Secondary sector focuses on eco-friendly processes, energy-efficient machinery, and recycling.
  • Tertiary sector employs green logistics and digital services to reduce environmental impact.
  • Sustainability ensures long-term viability of natural resources and aligns with global environmental standards.

Role of the Three Sectors in the Economy

  • The primary sector is a source of raw materials, a major employer, and a significant contributor to exports.
  • The secondary sector adds value by converting raw resources into higher-value goods, and drives industrial growth and skill development.
  • The tertiary sector is the largest in many developed economies, facilitating trade, finance, tourism, education, and healthcare.

Skills Required in Each Sector

  • The primary sector requires physical labor, technical handling of machinery, and basic environmental knowledge.
  • The secondary sector requires technical and engineering skills, production and assembly abilities, and problem-solving skills.
  • The tertiary sector requires communication, customer service, and specialized training in areas like IT and finance.
  • Digital literacy and adaptability are increasingly important across all sectors.

Functions of the Business

  • Includes administration, purchasing, marketing, financing, public relations, human resources, production, general management, and risk management.

Roles and Importance of Each Function

  • Administration maintains organized systems, ensures compliance and data accuracy.
  • Purchasing controls input costs and ensures timely supply of materials.
  • Marketing attracts and retains customers and boosts sales and brand recognition.
  • Financing ensures business solvency, growth funding, and positive cash flow.
  • Public relations builds positive relationships with stakeholders and enhances trust and reputation.
  • Human resources secures a skilled workforce, fosters motivation, and ensures legal compliance.
  • Production transforms inputs into finished goods/services, ensuring quality and efficiency.
  • General management provides leadership, coordinates departments, and ensures goals are met.
  • Risk management protects the business from unexpected losses and ensures continuity and compliance.

Coordination of Business Functions

  • Lack of coordination among business functions can lead to inefficiencies, lost profits, or reputational damage.

Business Plan

  • A comprehensive document that articulates the business idea, target market, and financial projections.
  • It maps out operations, marketing strategies, and organizational structure.
  • Serves to guide decision-making and attract potential investors or lenders.

Typical Components of a Business Plan

  • Executive Summary: A brief snapshot of the entire plan, highlighting goals, mission, and key financials.
  • Company Description: Details the legal structure, location, and ownership background.
  • Product/Service Description: Explains what the business sells or provides and its unique features and benefits.
  • Market Analysis: Identifies target customers, provides a competitor overview, and analyzes industry trends.
  • SWOT Analysis: Evaluates internal strengths/weaknesses and external opportunities/threats.
  • Marketing Plan: Describes promotion strategies, pricing, distribution channels, and sales forecasts.
  • Production/Operations Plan: Outlines the production process, capacity, supplier relationships, and quality control.
  • Management Plan: Includes an organizational chart, key team members, and HR policies.
  • Financial Plan: Presents cash flow statements, projected income statements, balance sheets, and required startup capital.
  • Appendices: Includes permits, product images, resumes, and other supporting documents.

SWOT Analysis

  • A planning tool to evaluate Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
  • Strengths examples: Skilled workforce, strong brand, unique technology.
  • Weaknesses examples: Limited capital, poor location, lack of experience.
  • Opportunities examples: Growth in consumer demand, fewer competitors, new technology.
  • Threats examples: Changing regulations, economic downturn, rising raw material costs.
  • A SWOT analysis helps plan strategies that build on strengths/opportunities and address weaknesses/threats.

Product or Service Description

  • Includes features & benefits, target customer needs, price point, planned profit margin, and lifecycle considerations.
  • Convinces investors or readers that the offering meets market demand and can stand out against competitors.

Business Plan Components

  • Production plan includes raw materials sourcing, process flow, quality control methods, and scheduling & capacity.
  • Marketing plan covers promotion, price strategy, placement (distribution), and people (customer service approach).
  • Management plan includes organizational structure, staffing requirements, and policies & procedures.
  • Financial plan includes initial costs, projected income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statements, and breakeven analysis.
  • Financial viability is demonstrated when operational, marketing, and management decisions are supported by fiscal planning.

Key Takeaways

  • Primary sector involves extracting raw materials, the secondary sector focuses on manufacturing, and the tertiary sector provides services.
  • The nine key business functions are administration, purchasing, marketing, financing, public relations, human resources, production, general management, and risk management.
  • A business plan is a blueprint encompassing the business concept, market strategy, operational details, and financial forecasts.
  • Mastering these concepts helps in understanding economic sectors, business functions, and developing solid business plans.

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