Entrepreneurial Finance Events
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Questions and Answers

What was the percentage increase in business assets as a result of the grace period?

  • 22%
  • 57%
  • 81% (correct)
  • 51%

    • How did the introduction of the flexible loan contract affect the likelihood of treated Dabi clients leaving BRAC?

  • No significant change
  • Increased the likelihood by 6.8 percentage points
  • Decreased the likelihood by 6.8 percentage points (correct)
  • Increased the likelihood by 2 percentage points

    • What does ITT stand for in the context of the estimates presented?

  • Individual Treatment Trials
  • Intent to Treat (correct)
  • Impact Treatment Time
  • Independent Time Tracking

    • What was the total number of eligible borrowers sampled from BRAC branches?

    <p>2,717</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the SME sample consisted of current BRAC clients?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of sectors were targeted for the census of SMEs?

    <p>Food processing and Carpentry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many firms were successfully surveyed at baseline in the SME sample?

    <p>3,504</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the explicit flexibilities introduced in the flexible contract evaluated?

    <p>Delaying 2 monthly repayments at no cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many firms were identified in total through the census of SMEs?

    <p>7,270</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branches were represented as treatment and control in the study?

    <p>Squares for control, triangles for treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general characteristic qualified the SMEs for comparison with potential BRAC borrowers?

    <p>Operating in light manufacturing and retail with fewer than 10 workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant change in the aggregate index for the eligible Dabi clients?

    <p>0.165 SDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of outcomes was positively affected for Dabi clients?

    <p>All business-related outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of eligible Dabi clients reported having a business at baseline?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to entrepreneurs with assets below the threshold $Ã(φ)$?

    <p>They cannot obtain a loan and make no investment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the flexible contract allow entrepreneurs to do in the second period?

    <p>Defer the entire loan payment to a later period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drove the treatment effects on business outcomes for Dabi clients?

    <p>Growth of existing businesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the asset threshold $Ã(φ)$?

    <p>It identifies entrepreneurs eligible for funding based on their assets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance level of the increase in the aggregate index for Dabi clients?

    <p>p-value = 0.026</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the treatment effects of Dabi borrowers compare to those of Progoti borrowers?

    <p>The null hypothesis can be rejected for the aggregate index.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the flexible contract, what project type is encouraged by the availability of repayment vouchers?

    <p>Illiquid projects with higher expected value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition must be satisfied in the final period for repayment under the flexible contract?

    <p>$I' + y - PF + βV ≥ φ(I' + y)$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific aspects were examined to understand the impact of treatment on business ownership?

    <p>Heterogeneity of business outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of projects do entrepreneurs with assets $A ≥ Ã(φ)$ tend to invest in?

    <p>Safe projects and risky projects based on their asset levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the estimates of monetary business outcomes assessed for sensitivity?

    <p>Through data winsorization at various percentiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the repayment voucher in relation to the illiquid project?

    <p>It allows postponement of the loan repayment to avoid liquidation risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equilibrium interest rate ensuring zero profit?

    <p>$R = 1 + ρ$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the treatment on the likelihood of eligible Dabi clients owning a business?

    <p>Increased by 3 percentage points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did treated Dabi borrowers invest in their business assets compared to the mean in the control group?

    <p>$1,881 USD PPP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ITT estimate on annual business profits indicate?

    <p>An increase of 25% relative to the control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the annual revenue increase for eligible Dabi clients in the treatment group?

    <p>$28,153 USD PPP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of treatment on the monthly profits during the month preceding the survey for Dabi businesses?

    <p>An increase of 26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding regarding the sales volatility of Dabi businesses in the treatment group?

    <p>106% higher sales volatility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant conclusion drawn about the credit market outcomes for eligible Progoti clients?

    <p>The treatment had no notable impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did costs change for eligible clients who received treatment?

    <p>Significantly higher due to capital investments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of flexibility in choosing monthly payments in consumer mortgage products?

    <p>Increases default rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A risk-neutral entrepreneur prefers the safer liquid project over the riskier illiquid project.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the discount factor (β) represent in the utility function of the entrepreneur?

    <p>It represents the weight given to future utility compared to current utility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If asset illiquidity results from economy-wide shocks, it __________ the firms' debt capacity.

    <p>lowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following project types with their characteristics:

    <p>Liquid project = Returns a fixed amount at date 2 with uncertain outcomes Illiquid project = Higher potential returns over a longer period Salvage value = Value obtained if the project is liquidated early Short-term financing = Typically less risky with quicker returns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of receiving the return γ or 0 in the illiquid project?

    <p>1−π</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a three-period economy, the entrepreneur receives income y in every period.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an entrepreneur if their assets are below the threshold $Ã(φ)$?

    <p>They may seek external financing to fund their projects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the level of risk aversion in the borrower pool when repayment flexibility attracts clients who find existing investment technologies risky?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repayment flexibility has no impact on the risk taking of borrowers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of project is associated with less risk-averse individuals interested in business expansion?

    <p>A smaller self-financed project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of repayment flexibility, it appeals to borrowers who find the large illiquid project too risky and the large liquid project too _______.

    <p>safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of entrepreneurs is most likely to select the flexible contract?

    <p>Those whose self-funded projects are risky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Liquidity = Availability of cash or liquid assets for investment Risk aversion = Preference to avoid risk in investments Repayment flexibility = Ability to adjust loan repayment terms based on needs Credit rationing = Limitation on the amount of credit available to borrowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effects of repayment flexibility on borrower risk levels are clearly defined and consistent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one mechanism through which vouchers provide support in borrowing?

    <p>Insurance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage increase in business assets for treated Dabi borrowers?

    <p>51%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment group of eligible Dabi clients had lower revenues in comparison to the control group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much higher was the monthly profit for Dabi businesses in the treatment group compared to the control group?

    <p>26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ITT estimate reveals that the treatment group had a sales volatility increase of _________.

    <p>106%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outcomes with their respective effects on treated Dabi clients:

    <p>Business ownership = 3 ppt increase Business assets investment = 51% increase Annual revenues = 28,153 USD PPP increase Monthly profits = 26% increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the treatment's effect on eligible clients?

    <p>Clients increased their investment in business capital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The findings demonstrate that repayment flexibility did not affect business outcomes for eligible Dabi clients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the p-value indicating the significance of the increase in the aggregate index for Dabi clients?

    <p>0.050</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor improves conditions for poorer and more able borrowers according to the given information?

    <p>Repayment flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vouchers have no impact on outcomes when credit and insurance markets are complete.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do less risk-averse firm owners significantly exhibit according to the data?

    <p>They are more willing to start a new business.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entrepreneurs who experience increased ___ from higher recurrent costs may demand more flexibility in repayment structures.

    <p>costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each element with its effect:

    <p>Recurrent Costs = Smooth consumption for larger firms Repayment Flexibility = Boosts investments for risk-rationed firms Complex Contracts = Induces financial illiteracy issues Risk-Aversion = Affects willingness to take risks in investments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential risk might present-biased borrowers face under the flexible loan?

    <p>Higher tendency to default</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher recurrent costs can prevent riskier projects from being undertaken by small firms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the consequences of a large share of new borrowers having time-inconsistent preferences?

    <p>Tighter credit constraints and reduced investment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of loan is primarily meant for microenterprises with family workers in Bangladesh?

    <p>Dabi loan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BRAC's Dabi loans require collateral of equal value to the loan amount.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average size of a Dabi loan provided by BRAC?

    <p>275 nominal USD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The annual interest rate for both Dabi and Progoti loans is _____%.

    <p>22</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the loan types with their primary usage:

    <p>Dabi loan = Financing microenterprises Progoti loan = Working capital for small and medium businesses Sharecropper loan = Support for agricultural activities Student loan = Funding for educational expenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Dabi borrowers does BRAC currently have in Bangladesh?

    <p>4 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repayment flexibility is always effective in increasing risk-taking among entrepreneurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic shared by both Dabi and Progoti loan products?

    <p>Individual liability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Entrepreneurial Investment and Risk

    • Entrepreneurs repay loans in the second period unless planning to default in the third period.
    • Equilibrium interest rate for zero profit is set at R = 1 + ρ.
    • A threshold Ã(φ) exists; those with assets below this threshold do not invest, while those above borrow for safe projects.
    • Poor entrepreneurs must borrow excessively if their assets (A) are below Ã, leading to less favorable outcomes due to high repayment obligations.
    • Introduction of flexible contracts allows for delay in full loan payment to the final period.

    Effects of Flexible Contracts

    • Flexible contracts enable borrowers to reinvest proceeds even with low returns, avoiding liquidation risk for illiquid projects.
    • Entrepreneurs with A ≥ Ã borrow for risky projects under flexible contracts.
    • Payment deferral removes intermediate liquidation risks, prompting entrepreneurs to pursue higher expected value projects.

    Data Collection and Methodology

    • BRAC provided eligible clients lists; a sample of 2,717 borrowers was analyzed alongside a census of local microenterprises.
    • The SME sample included 7,270 firms, with 3,504 surveyed at baseline to understand business characteristics.

    Treatment Impact on Business Outcomes

    • Treatment branches showed that eligible Dabi clients had a 3 percentage point greater likelihood of business ownership than controls.
    • Significant increases in business assets (51%) were noted, totaling around $1,881 (PPP).
    • Revenues rose by $28,153 (PPP annually), constituting an 86% increase compared to the control group.
    • Treatment led to increased business costs along with larger investments in capital but did not impact labor inputs.

    Profitability and Volatility

    • Business profits for treated Dabi borrowers increased by 25%, though results were less precise statistically.
    • Monthly profits also showed a 26% increase relative to controls.
    • Revenue volatility for Dabi businesses surged by 106% when compared to control groups.

    Summary of Findings

    • Flexible contracts influenced business growth primarily for existing businesses, not new startups.
    • Dabi clients showed statistically significant improvements in business revenues and profits, contrasting with the lack of significant outcomes for Progoti clients.

    Client Retention and Default Rates

    • Treated Dabi clients exhibited a 6.8 percentage point decrease in leaving BRAC, indicating improved retention.
    • Impact on repayment behavior was assessed through BRAC’s administrative records, showing lower official default rates for treated clients.

    Comparison to Other Studies

    • Flexibility in repayment led to significant increases in business assets, profits, and household income, aligning with findings from similar studies on microfinance borrowers.

    Repayment Flexibility in Consumer Mortgages

    • Flexible monthly payment options can help to smooth consumption but may also heighten delinquency rates.
    • Aggregate risk and asset illiquidity influence businesses' preferences for flexible credit contracts.
    • Firms avoid liquidating assets to cover repayments during economic shocks by opting for flexible contracts.

    Entrepreneurial Financial Models

    • Entrepreneurs are modeled as risk-neutral with limited liability, operating in a three-period economy.
    • They can choose between liquid short-term projects with uncertain returns or illiquid long-term investments.
    • Expected returns from investments include variable probabilities and potential losses if liquidated early, emphasizing the complexity of financial decision-making.

    Risk Aversion and Borrowing Behavior

    • Risk-averse entrepreneurs may choose smaller, self-financed projects when seeking credit.
    • Repayment flexibility can attract borrowers who perceive existing investment options as too risky or too safe, potentially altering the overall risk profile of the borrowing pool.

    Theoretical Predictions of Loan Payments

    • Flexible repayment terms may lead to increased risk-taking among borrowers, particularly when credit is rationed.
    • Various market imperfections influence the effects of repayment flexibility on entrepreneurial risks and investments.
    • In well-functioning markets with complete insurance, flexible contracts do not significantly impact outcomes.

    Microfinance Context in Bangladesh

    • BRAC, a leading microfinance provider, offers the "Dabi loan" for microenterprises and "Progoti loans" for small businesses, with significant borrower populations.
    • Dabi loans average USD 275; Progoti loans average USD 2,200, both requiring collateral and have a fixed interest rate and repayment cycle.

    Effects of Repayment Flexibility on Business Outcomes

    • Eligible Dabi clients are more likely to own businesses and significantly increase investments in business assets, with a marked increase of 51% relative to the control group.
    • Treatment led to a substantial rise in annual revenue (86%) and increased costs associated with higher business investments.
    • The financial gains translated to a 25% increase in annual business profits, though estimates of statistical significance varied.
    • Increased volatility in revenue was observed among treatment group businesses, suggesting greater variability in performance outcomes.

    Summary of Outcomes

    • Flexible repayment plans notably enhance business ownership rates and asset investment among borrowers.
    • The findings underline the complexities of repayment strategies and their broader implications for risk-taking and financial health in the microenterprise sector.

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    Related Documents

    Repayment Flexibility and Risk Taking: Experimental Evidence (PDF)
    Repayment Flexibility and Risk Taking: Experimental Evidence from Credit Contracts PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the timing of repayment events in entrepreneurial finance. Analyze the conditions under which an entrepreneur fulfills their financial obligations and understand the implications for business operations. Test your knowledge on the critical stages affecting entrepreneurial success.

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