Questions and Answers
Entomopathogenic fungi are not effective in controlling harmful insects
False
The number of highly virulent and technologically significant entomopathogenic fungi recommended for use in agriculture and forestry for pest control is insignificant
True
Fungal diseases of insects are not a natural mechanism regulating the number of insects in natural conditions
False
The volume of use of fungal biologics in closed ground has decreased in recent years
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Beauveria bassiana affects up to 300 harmful insect species
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Chitinase, lipase, and proteases play an unimportant role in the hydrolysis of insect integuments and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi
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Entomopathogenic fungi mainly infect insects in the larva stage
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Techniques used for long-term storage of entomopathogenic fungi do not include insect corpses
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Entomopathogenic fungi are able to cause epizootics in insects
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The epicuticle of the cuticle contains compounds that prevent fungal adhesion and growth
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Proteolytic enzymes contribute to the destruction of peptide bonds in insect proteins and impact fungal virulence
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Peptaboles disrupt the transport of ions through cell membranes and are well-studied
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Boverolides H and I are not related to destrucsins
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Cultivation methods for entomopathogenic fungi do not include solid-phase cultivation in bioreactors
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Cyclosporines and cytochalazines have similar mechanisms of action in suppressing insect immune responses
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Recent progress in solid-phase cultivation in bioreactors allows for the exclusive use of mushroom conidia as the basis of mycopesticides
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Entomopathogenic fungi production methods aim to decrease spore formation and viable spore numbers.
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The use of multilayer corrugated filter paper with mineral medium and tremor accelerates Beauveria bassiana CL67's conidia formation and preserves culture's virulence.
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Deep-surface method for fungi production adds substrates to biomass, and conidia form within 3-5 days, resulting in a high titer.
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Biological activity is expressed in LC50 or other units, and the produced drug's biological activity should be less than the standard.
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Study Notes
- To accelerate production of entomopathogenic fungi for small-scale farming or regions, use methods that increase spore formation, viable spore numbers (titer), and biological activity.
- Substrates for fungi propagation include boiled millet, barley, corn, wheat, rice bran, and fillers like straw, sawdust, husks, expanded clay, etc.
- The use of multilayer corrugated filter paper with mineral medium and tremor accelerates Beauveria bassiana CL67's conidia formation and preserves culture's virulence.
- Surface, deep, and deep-surface methods are used for mushroom biologics production.
- Surface method uses solid and loose substrates for fungi, which mimic their natural distribution.
- Surface method production includes obtaining seed material, substrate preparation, cultivation, drying, and standardization.
- Deep method production includes nutrient medium preparation, fermenter cultivation, separation of biomass, and standardization.
- Deep cultivation's disadvantage is weak spore maturation. Deep-surface method adds substrates to biomass, and conidia form within 8-10 days, resulting in a high titer.
- Biological products are produced locally despite requiring specialized knowledge and equipment.
- Collaboration between manufacturers and research institutions ensures necessary documentation and recommendations.
- Fungal biological products include mycoinsecticidal preparations (boverin, verticillin) and fungal biologics against phytopathogens.
- Biological preparations have permanent or temporary technical conditions and undergo standardization based on the number of viable spores per unit mass or volume and biological activity.
- Different groups of drugs have unique ways of action and are evaluated based on their biological activity.
- Biological activity is measured using test objects like insects for entomopathogenic fungi.
- Indirect methods, such as enzyme activity, assess the quality of biological products.
- Preparations based on entomopathogenic fungi are used less widely compared to entomocidal bacterial preparations.
- Boverin, a blastospore of Beauveria bassiana, is used against tobacco thrips, tomatoes, and cucumbers, and verticillin, a blastospore of Verticillium lecanii, is used against greenhouse whitefly.
- Nematophagin BL, a predatory fungus, is used against nematode roundworms in vegetables and champignons.
- Biological activity is expressed in LC50 or other units, and the produced drug's biological activity should not be less than the standard.
- Dilution with filler is allowed for preparations with high biological activity.
