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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main benefits of resource isolation in computing?
What is one of the main benefits of resource isolation in computing?
Which of the following classes of isolation is implemented as control groups by the kernel?
Which of the following classes of isolation is implemented as control groups by the kernel?
Which of the following best describes a key difference between containers and virtual machines?
Which of the following best describes a key difference between containers and virtual machines?
Which tool is primarily used for orchestrating container deployment and management?
Which tool is primarily used for orchestrating container deployment and management?
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What is a PID namespace primarily used for in the context of resource isolation?
What is a PID namespace primarily used for in the context of resource isolation?
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Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the kernel in resource isolation?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the kernel in resource isolation?
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What is a fundamental characteristic of Docker containers?
What is a fundamental characteristic of Docker containers?
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Which of the following is a consequence of saturation in resource management?
Which of the following is a consequence of saturation in resource management?
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What is the primary purpose of cgroups in container technology?
What is the primary purpose of cgroups in container technology?
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Which of the following describes the PID namespace feature in containerization?
Which of the following describes the PID namespace feature in containerization?
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How do containers compare with virtual machines in terms of resource efficiency?
How do containers compare with virtual machines in terms of resource efficiency?
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Which feature of Docker makes it a popular choice for deploying applications?
Which feature of Docker makes it a popular choice for deploying applications?
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What is a key feature of cgroups in Linux?
What is a key feature of cgroups in Linux?
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What role does Kubernetes play in managing containerized applications?
What role does Kubernetes play in managing containerized applications?
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What is the main advantage of using namespaces together with cgroups?
What is the main advantage of using namespaces together with cgroups?
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Which namespace in Linux is responsible for process isolation?
Which namespace in Linux is responsible for process isolation?
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In what significant way did Google’s Borg influence later container management systems like Kubernetes?
In what significant way did Google’s Borg influence later container management systems like Kubernetes?
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In the context of PID namespaces, what does PID1 refer to in a child namespace?
In the context of PID namespaces, what does PID1 refer to in a child namespace?
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Which of the following namespaces is NOT used by Docker when creating a container?
Which of the following namespaces is NOT used by Docker when creating a container?
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What is the primary purpose of namespaces in Linux?
What is the primary purpose of namespaces in Linux?
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How do containers differ from virtual machines?
How do containers differ from virtual machines?
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Which of the following statements about Docker containers is true?
Which of the following statements about Docker containers is true?
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In Kubernetes orchestration, what role do namespaces play?
In Kubernetes orchestration, what role do namespaces play?
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What is a feature of cgroups that allows prioritization between processes?
What is a feature of cgroups that allows prioritization between processes?
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Study Notes
Enterprise Performance Architecture (ENAP H4002) - Resource Isolation
- The lecture plan covers time-sharing computing, namespaces, control groups, traditional containers, Kata containers, and a summary.
- A resource is anything usable to accomplish a task. This is true in computing, too, encompassing CPU, memory, hard drive, network bandwidth, and battery life.
- Resource isolation is the ability to separate multiple instances of a resource, so each instance only interacts with itself. This is a crucial capability for computer science paradigms like multiprocessing and cloud computing.
- Isolation, in its general sense, is the process or fact of isolating or being isolated.
- Workload saturation degrades performance, and excessive idle resources are costly.
Lecture Plan Topics
- Time-Sharing Computing
- Namespaces
- Control Groups
- Traditional Containers
- Kata Containers
- Summary
What is a Resource?
- A resource is anything usable to perform a task.
- Example in real life: Eggs, butter, ham, hot sauce, etc., are necessary to make an English muffin.
- Example in computing: CPU, memory, hard drive, network bandwidth.
What is Isolation?
- The process or fact of isolating or being isolated.
What is Resource Isolation?
- The ability to keep multiple instances of a resource separate, so each instance interacts only with itself. This is essential for multi-processing systems and the cloud.
Why Does Resource Isolation Matter?
- Workload saturation degrades performance, and excessive idle resources are costly.
Time-Sharing Computing
- A method of sharing resources among multiple users/tenants.
Multi-Tenant Environments
- Environments where multiple tenants share common resources.
Neighbor Isolation - Kernel Support
- Resource isolation is achieved at the kernel level. Applications cannot isolate themselves at the application level since processes are peers to each other and have no special privileges. Therefore, the kernel must support isolation.
What is a Kernel?
- The kernel is like the brain of an operating system, controlling everything, such as hard disk access and memory management. It also manages user applications, daemons, command line (CLI) sequencing, hardware, schedulers, and memory.
Isolation Classes
- Isolation is categorized into software and hardware types.
- The software implementation of isolation uses namespaces and control groups.
- Namespaces and control groups are the foundational blocks of VMs and containers.
Namespaces
- A feature of the Linux kernel, namespaces partition kernel resources such that different sets of processes see different resource sets.
- PID namespaces isolate process IDs.
- Network namespaces manage network interfaces.
- Inter-Process Communication (IPC) namespaces manage IPC resource access.
- Mount namespaces deal with filesystem mount points.
- Unix Timesharing System namespaces provide distinct hostnames/domain names for processes.
- User namespaces isolate user IDs.
- Control Group namespaces isolate the control group information.
- Time namespaces (added in 2020) allow different system times within a system.
Namespaces - Example
- Child processes have their own PID namespaces inside the parent namespace.
- A process from inside a child namespace cannot see anything outside that namespace.
Container View
- Host and containers have their own namespaces.
Control Groups
- Control groups, or cgroups, are kernel features that limit, account for, and isolate resource usage among processes. Features:
- Resource Limits: Controls the amount of a specific resource a process can use.
- Prioritization: Controls how much of a resource a process receives compared to other cgroups in cases of contention.
- Accounting: Monitors and reports limits at control group level.
- Control: Configuration of processes in a control group is accessible/modifiable.
Control Group Management
- Cgroups are managed through a pseudo-filesystem interface (/sys/fs/cgroup).
- Manipulating the corresponding directory creates a new control group.
Cgroups vs Namespaces
- Namespaces and cgroups are often combined to achieve a higher isolation level, enabling fine-grained resource management, such as in container environments.
Traditional Containers
- Docker is a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) product employing OS-level virtualization to deliver software in container packages. It has become industry standard.
Docker Containers
- Docker containers are child processes of the Docker daemon, wrapped in a container.
- They have their own memory subspace inside the user space.
Isolation - 7 Key Aspects
- PID namespaces: Process identifiers and capabilities.
- UTS namespaces: Host and domain names.
- MNT namespaces: File system access and structure.
- IPC namespaces: Process communication memory.
- NET namespaces: Network access and structure.
- USR namespaces: User names and identifiers.
- cgroups: Control group management.
Risk Mitigation
- Containerized processes access only their own container's content; exceptions involve user-created connections.
- Containers limit a program's impact on other running programs and system resources.
Containers vs Virtual Machines
- Virtual Machines create a complete virtual machine with its own OS. Containers use the host operating system. This implies container performance is often better than VMs.
Container Lifecycle
- Container lifecycle stages: Create, Created, Start, Running, Pause, Paused, Unpause, Stop, and Deleted.
Kubernetes (K8S)
- Kubernetes is a container orchestration system managing container applications.
Kubernetes Architecture
- Illustrates the various components (Control Plane, API Server, Scheduler, Controller Manager, Worker Nodes, Kublets, Container Runtime, K8s Objects, and more), and their interactions.
Kata Containers
- A lightweight VM/container technology providing a more streamlined approach than the traditional VM or container approaches.
Real World Example: Google's Borg
- A cluster management system from Google that isolates resources at the container level, allowing for efficient management of thousands of applications across Google's vast data centers.
Borg Outcome
- Borg improved resource utilization. This brought about better application performance and stability.
- Borg laid the groundwork for Kubernetes.
Summary
- Namespaces isolate process IDs, user IDs, and the file system.
- Control groups isolate hardware and limit runtime behavior.
- Containers use namespaces and cgroups for isolation.
- Tools like Kata containers and Kubernetes improve isolation/security in large-scale systems.
- Lack of isolation severely hinders modern cloud computing.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to resource isolation in computing, including time-sharing, namespaces, control groups, and different types of containers. Understanding these elements is essential for effectively managing resources in multiprocessing and cloud environments. Test your knowledge on how isolation impacts system performance and resource utilization.
