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Questions and Answers

What was the primary cultural context in which the Enlightenment took place?

  • Coffee House Discussions
  • University Setting
  • Salon Culture (correct)
  • Court Society

    • Which of the following was a key aspect of the Enlightenment?

  • Pro-clericalism
  • Nationalism
  • Anti-Clericalism (correct)
  • Patriotism

    • What was a hallmark of Enlightenment conversation?

  • Emotional Appeals
  • Superstition
  • Authorities' Opinions
  • Rational Conversation (correct)

    • What was a social implication of Enlightenment thought?

    <p>Social Mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key theme of Enlightenment thought?

    <p>Modernity and Progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Immanuel Kant's famous phrase?

    <p>Sapere Aude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary concern of the 'moral sciences' developed during the Enlightenment?

    <p>Understanding social phenomena through human experience and a scientific approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central idea behind the Enlightenment's concept of progress?

    <p>The application of reason and empirically based knowledge to create happier and freer societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Voltaire's Lettre Philosophiques (1723) a mix of?

    <p>Locke's empiricism, Bacon's ideas on empirical methods, Newton's cosmology, and religious pluralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Newton highly revered during the Enlightenment?

    <p>For his significant contributions to the natural sciences, earning him the title 'Newton of the moral world'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal of the philosophes regarding moral philosophy?

    <p>To develop a scientific and rational understanding of human nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Enlightenment's pursuit of, according to the text?

    <p>Modernity and the development of social sciences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment thinkers?

    <p>To debunk scripturally based accounts of the universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who primarily attended the salons, a key institution of the Enlightenment?

    <p>A mix of nobility, bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, and men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a hallmark of the Enlightenment, as cultivated in the salons?

    <p>Rational conversation and sociability between men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Enlightenment's pursuit of, according to the text?

    <p>Modernity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key area of thought in the Enlightenment, according to the text?

    <p>One of the four main areas mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the institution of the salon in the 17th century?

    <p>The Marquise de Rambouillet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voltaire's phrase 'ecrasez l'infame' translates to 'crush the authority of the Church'

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment thinkers believed in the pre-eminence of rational, spiritual knowledge

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'moral sciences' emerged as a replacement for 'moral philosophy' during the Enlightenment

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment was primarily concerned with the pursuit of tradition and established authority

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    David Hume was a key figure in the development of 'moral sciences' during the Enlightenment

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The philosophes were enthusiastic about the role of the Church in promoting social progress

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment was primarily centered in England.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immanuel Kant's famous phrase was 'Sapere Aude'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adam Smith was part of the first generation of Enlightenment thinkers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment was characterized by a strong emphasis on tradition and authority.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Encyclopedie was written between 1760 and 1780.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jean Jacques Rousseau was a prominent figure in the second generation of Enlightenment thinkers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement that spanned the 19th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment thinkers preserved human knowledge by emphasizing religious authority.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The philosophes contributed to the development of modern science by challenging the role of the Church in society.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vision of a mechanical, infinite cosmos was a hallmark of the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Encyclopedie had a minimalist approach, encompassing only a few volumes of text and plates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The philosophes sought to preserve the role of the Church in society and its transmission of knowledge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment thinkers in terms of knowledge?

    <p>to replace traditional knowledge dependent on religious authority with modern science based on experience, experiment, observation, and reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the cosmos?

    <p>as a mechanical, infinite cosmos founded on chaos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central organizing principle of the Encyclopedie?

    <p>man</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the attitude of the Enlightenment thinkers towards the Church?

    <p>virulently anti-clerical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Encyclopedie in terms of its impact?

    <p>it was hugely influential and sold 25,000 copies until the French Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approach of the Encyclopedie in terms of preserving human knowledge?

    <p>universalistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the third generation of Enlightenment thinkers, including Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, and Marquis de Condorcet?

    <p>They developed further the Enlightenment worldview into specialized proto-disciplines such as epistemology, economics, sociology, political economy, and legal reform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Enlightenment thinkers approach moral philosophy?

    <p>They sought to develop a moral philosophy based on reason and empirical observation, challenging traditional authority and promoting critical thinking and individualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the phrase 'sapere aude' in the context of the Enlightenment?

    <p>It meant 'dare to know', and represented the Enlightenment's emphasis on individual critical thinking and intellectual courage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the relationship between reason and morality?

    <p>They believed that reason and morality were interconnected, and that moral truths could be discovered through empirical observation and rational inquiry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 'moral sciences' in the Enlightenment?

    <p>They represented an attempt to develop a scientific understanding of human nature and society, using empirical methods and rational inquiry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the broader cultural and intellectual context in which the Enlightenment took place?

    <p>A time of significant scientific, cultural, and intellectual change, marked by the rise of empiricism, cosmopolitanism, and a growing faith in human progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the philosophes' attitude towards the authority of the Church, as reflected in Voltaire's phrase?

    <p>The philosophes were against the authority of the Church, as reflected in Voltaire's phrase 'ecrasez l'infame' which means 'crush the Church and its authority'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the 'moral sciences' that emerged during the Enlightenment, and what did they replace?

    <p>The 'moral sciences' emerged during the Enlightenment as a replacement for 'moral philosophy', and they included concerns such as how societies were organized and developed, and the workings of social relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the pursuit of knowledge and progress?

    <p>The Enlightenment thinkers believed in the pursuit of modernity, which involved the pursuit of empirical, materialist knowledge, enthusiasm for technological and medical progress, and desire for legal and constitutional reform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 'moral sciences' in the context of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity?

    <p>The 'moral sciences' were significant because they represented a new approach to understanding human society and behavior, which was focused on empirical observation and sociological analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the role of the Church in promoting social progress?

    <p>The Enlightenment thinkers were critical of the Church's role in promoting social progress, and instead emphasized the importance of reason, science, and individual freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main area of thought that the Enlightenment thinkers focused on, and how did it relate to their pursuit of modernity?

    <p>The Enlightenment thinkers focused on the pursuit of empirical, materialist knowledge, which was a key area of thought that related to their pursuit of modernity and progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Enlightenment

    • Occurred roughly over the period of the 18th century
    • Geographically centred on France
    • Promoted by the “philosophes”: “man of letters who is also a free thinker”; self-proclaimed “enlightened” intellectuals; cosmopolitanism

    Key Figures

    • 1st generation: Voltaire (1694 – 1778) and Motesquieu (1689 – 1755), influenced by Locke and Newton
    • 2nd generation: David Hume (1711 – 1776), Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778), Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784), Jean d’Alembert (1717 – 1783)
    • 3rd generation: Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804), Adam Smith (1723 – 1790), Marquis de Condorcet (1743 – 1794), Adam Ferguson (1723 – 1816)

    Characteristics

    • Rejection of scripural authority and the role of the Church in society
    • Emphasis on empirical, materialist knowledge and the scientific method
    • Development of proto-disciplines: epistemology, economics, sociology, political economy, legal reform
    • Focus on human nature and the workings of social relationships

    The Encyclopedie

    • Central project of the Enlightenment, written between 1751 – 1772
    • Encompassed 17 volumes of text, 12 volumes of plates
    • Hugely influential, sold 25,000 copies by the French Revolution
    • Organizing principle: human knowledge, with a universalistic approach

    The Salon

    • Institution invented in the 17th century by the Marquise de Rambouillet
    • Central to the development of the Enlightenment
    • Fostered unique opportunities for social mobility and mixing of nobility, bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, men, and women
    • Cultivated rational conversation, sociability, materialism, and hedonism – hallmarks of the Enlightenment

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    Description

    Take this quiz to test your knowledge on the Enlightenment period and the emergence of social sciences. Learn about the concept of empiricism and how it relates to human experience.

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