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Questions and Answers
What was the primary cultural context in which the Enlightenment took place?
What was the primary cultural context in which the Enlightenment took place?
- Coffee House Discussions
- University Setting
- Salon Culture (correct)
- Court Society
Which of the following was a key aspect of the Enlightenment?
Which of the following was a key aspect of the Enlightenment?
- Pro-clericalism
- Nationalism
- Anti-Clericalism (correct)
- Patriotism
What was a hallmark of Enlightenment conversation?
What was a hallmark of Enlightenment conversation?
- Emotional Appeals
- Superstition
- Authorities' Opinions
- Rational Conversation (correct)
What was a social implication of Enlightenment thought?
What was a social implication of Enlightenment thought?
What was a key theme of Enlightenment thought?
What was a key theme of Enlightenment thought?
What was Immanuel Kant's famous phrase?
What was Immanuel Kant's famous phrase?
What was the primary concern of the 'moral sciences' developed during the Enlightenment?
What was the primary concern of the 'moral sciences' developed during the Enlightenment?
What was the central idea behind the Enlightenment's concept of progress?
What was the central idea behind the Enlightenment's concept of progress?
What was Voltaire's Lettre Philosophiques (1723) a mix of?
What was Voltaire's Lettre Philosophiques (1723) a mix of?
Why was Newton highly revered during the Enlightenment?
Why was Newton highly revered during the Enlightenment?
What was the goal of the philosophes regarding moral philosophy?
What was the goal of the philosophes regarding moral philosophy?
What was the Enlightenment's pursuit of, according to the text?
What was the Enlightenment's pursuit of, according to the text?
What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment thinkers?
What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment thinkers?
Who primarily attended the salons, a key institution of the Enlightenment?
Who primarily attended the salons, a key institution of the Enlightenment?
What was a hallmark of the Enlightenment, as cultivated in the salons?
What was a hallmark of the Enlightenment, as cultivated in the salons?
What was the Enlightenment's pursuit of, according to the text?
What was the Enlightenment's pursuit of, according to the text?
What was a key area of thought in the Enlightenment, according to the text?
What was a key area of thought in the Enlightenment, according to the text?
Who invented the institution of the salon in the 17th century?
Who invented the institution of the salon in the 17th century?
Voltaire's phrase 'ecrasez l'infame' translates to 'crush the authority of the Church'
Voltaire's phrase 'ecrasez l'infame' translates to 'crush the authority of the Church'
The Enlightenment thinkers believed in the pre-eminence of rational, spiritual knowledge
The Enlightenment thinkers believed in the pre-eminence of rational, spiritual knowledge
The 'moral sciences' emerged as a replacement for 'moral philosophy' during the Enlightenment
The 'moral sciences' emerged as a replacement for 'moral philosophy' during the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was primarily concerned with the pursuit of tradition and established authority
The Enlightenment was primarily concerned with the pursuit of tradition and established authority
David Hume was a key figure in the development of 'moral sciences' during the Enlightenment
David Hume was a key figure in the development of 'moral sciences' during the Enlightenment
The philosophes were enthusiastic about the role of the Church in promoting social progress
The philosophes were enthusiastic about the role of the Church in promoting social progress
The Enlightenment was primarily centered in England.
The Enlightenment was primarily centered in England.
Immanuel Kant's famous phrase was 'Sapere Aude'.
Immanuel Kant's famous phrase was 'Sapere Aude'.
Adam Smith was part of the first generation of Enlightenment thinkers.
Adam Smith was part of the first generation of Enlightenment thinkers.
The Enlightenment was characterized by a strong emphasis on tradition and authority.
The Enlightenment was characterized by a strong emphasis on tradition and authority.
The Encyclopedie was written between 1760 and 1780.
The Encyclopedie was written between 1760 and 1780.
Jean Jacques Rousseau was a prominent figure in the second generation of Enlightenment thinkers.
Jean Jacques Rousseau was a prominent figure in the second generation of Enlightenment thinkers.
The Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement that spanned the 19th century.
The Enlightenment was a cultural and intellectual movement that spanned the 19th century.
The Enlightenment thinkers preserved human knowledge by emphasizing religious authority.
The Enlightenment thinkers preserved human knowledge by emphasizing religious authority.
The philosophes contributed to the development of modern science by challenging the role of the Church in society.
The philosophes contributed to the development of modern science by challenging the role of the Church in society.
The vision of a mechanical, infinite cosmos was a hallmark of the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.
The vision of a mechanical, infinite cosmos was a hallmark of the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.
The Encyclopedie had a minimalist approach, encompassing only a few volumes of text and plates.
The Encyclopedie had a minimalist approach, encompassing only a few volumes of text and plates.
The philosophes sought to preserve the role of the Church in society and its transmission of knowledge.
The philosophes sought to preserve the role of the Church in society and its transmission of knowledge.
What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment thinkers in terms of knowledge?
What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment thinkers in terms of knowledge?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the cosmos?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the cosmos?
What was the central organizing principle of the Encyclopedie?
What was the central organizing principle of the Encyclopedie?
What was the attitude of the Enlightenment thinkers towards the Church?
What was the attitude of the Enlightenment thinkers towards the Church?
What was the significance of the Encyclopedie in terms of its impact?
What was the significance of the Encyclopedie in terms of its impact?
What was the approach of the Encyclopedie in terms of preserving human knowledge?
What was the approach of the Encyclopedie in terms of preserving human knowledge?
What characterized the third generation of Enlightenment thinkers, including Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, and Marquis de Condorcet?
What characterized the third generation of Enlightenment thinkers, including Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, and Marquis de Condorcet?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers approach moral philosophy?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers approach moral philosophy?
What was the significance of the phrase 'sapere aude' in the context of the Enlightenment?
What was the significance of the phrase 'sapere aude' in the context of the Enlightenment?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the relationship between reason and morality?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the relationship between reason and morality?
What was the significance of the 'moral sciences' in the Enlightenment?
What was the significance of the 'moral sciences' in the Enlightenment?
What was the broader cultural and intellectual context in which the Enlightenment took place?
What was the broader cultural and intellectual context in which the Enlightenment took place?
What was the philosophes' attitude towards the authority of the Church, as reflected in Voltaire's phrase?
What was the philosophes' attitude towards the authority of the Church, as reflected in Voltaire's phrase?
What were the 'moral sciences' that emerged during the Enlightenment, and what did they replace?
What were the 'moral sciences' that emerged during the Enlightenment, and what did they replace?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the pursuit of knowledge and progress?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the pursuit of knowledge and progress?
What was the significance of the 'moral sciences' in the context of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity?
What was the significance of the 'moral sciences' in the context of the Enlightenment's pursuit of modernity?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the role of the Church in promoting social progress?
How did the Enlightenment thinkers view the role of the Church in promoting social progress?
What was the main area of thought that the Enlightenment thinkers focused on, and how did it relate to their pursuit of modernity?
What was the main area of thought that the Enlightenment thinkers focused on, and how did it relate to their pursuit of modernity?
Study Notes
The Enlightenment
- Occurred roughly over the period of the 18th century
- Geographically centred on France
- Promoted by the “philosophes”: “man of letters who is also a free thinker”; self-proclaimed “enlightened” intellectuals; cosmopolitanism
Key Figures
- 1st generation: Voltaire (1694 – 1778) and Motesquieu (1689 – 1755), influenced by Locke and Newton
- 2nd generation: David Hume (1711 – 1776), Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778), Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784), Jean d’Alembert (1717 – 1783)
- 3rd generation: Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804), Adam Smith (1723 – 1790), Marquis de Condorcet (1743 – 1794), Adam Ferguson (1723 – 1816)
Characteristics
- Rejection of scripural authority and the role of the Church in society
- Emphasis on empirical, materialist knowledge and the scientific method
- Development of proto-disciplines: epistemology, economics, sociology, political economy, legal reform
- Focus on human nature and the workings of social relationships
The Encyclopedie
- Central project of the Enlightenment, written between 1751 – 1772
- Encompassed 17 volumes of text, 12 volumes of plates
- Hugely influential, sold 25,000 copies by the French Revolution
- Organizing principle: human knowledge, with a universalistic approach
The Salon
- Institution invented in the 17th century by the Marquise de Rambouillet
- Central to the development of the Enlightenment
- Fostered unique opportunities for social mobility and mixing of nobility, bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, men, and women
- Cultivated rational conversation, sociability, materialism, and hedonism – hallmarks of the Enlightenment
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Description
Take this quiz to test your knowledge on the Enlightenment period and the emergence of social sciences. Learn about the concept of empiricism and how it relates to human experience.
