Enhancement Review Questions - English Major
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Questions and Answers

Which component of communicative competence is highlighted when a teacher adapts his instructions based on students' confusion?

  • Sociolinguistic Competence (correct)
  • Discourse Competence
  • Strategic Competence
  • Linguistic Competence

What does the prefix ‘ultra’ typically indicate?

  • size
  • degree (correct)
  • negation
  • number

In the sentence "The dog gave me the ball," what is the syntactic pattern represented?

  • Subject → verb → direct object → adverbial complement
  • Subject → verb → direct object → object complement
  • Subject → verb → indirect object → direct object (correct)
  • Subject → verb → adverbial complement

Which of the following sentences contains a complex sentence structure?

<p>Having been rejected many times, I decided to stop trying. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of Jakobson’s model of communication focuses specifically on the receiver?

<p>Conative - Receiver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best illustrates the use of extensive verbs?

<p>At 10:00pm, Jenny vanished into thin air. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of phraseology?

<p>A set of familiar words within a person’s language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'syntax' refer to?

<p>The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis focuses on the language learners’ motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety in second language learning?

<p>Affective Filter Hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a syllabus emphasizes language as a structure composed of sounds, words, and sentences, what would it likely focus on?

<p>Building blocks of language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an EXCEPTION among metacognitive strategies for language learners?

<p>Engaging in fewer conversations with native speakers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method involves using gesture, mime, visual aids, and wall charts in language learning?

<p>Total physical response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

BICS refers to skills needed for everyday social interactions; what does CALP refer to?

<p>Skills used in the classroom for academic purposes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of phrase is enclosed in brackets in the sentence: 'The faculty likes to drop by the small chapel [adjacent to the clinic]'?

<p>Adjective phrase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves the use of audiolingual techniques to enhance language learning?

<p>Audiolingual method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis indicates that language acquisition can be successfully influenced by the quality of input a learner receives?

<p>Input Hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the cost of the new personal computer?

<p>He paid almost thirty thousand pesos for his new personal computer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gerund in the sentence, 'Many students do not like reading'?

<p>Direct Object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence, 'I didn’t say he stole the money', which word is stressed to imply alternative meanings?

<p>I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many morphemes are present in the word 'crocodile'?

<p>1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sentence is grammatically correct in English?

<p>Maria cleaned the table up. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example correctly depicts a present unreal conditional statement?

<p>If he were taller, he would be a basketball player. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of vowels?

<p>They are essential for syllable formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sentence illustrates an acceptable adjective phrase?

<p>Having finished the homework, Matt turned on the television. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area does the study of illocutionary acts belong to?

<p>Pragmatics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences is a simple sentence?

<p>I accomplished submitting my project. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept in referential semantics explains the word 'she' in the sentence Mary thinks that she is the only girl who can sing the song?

<p>Anaphora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the pronunciation of the word 'take' from the words 'fake', 'vase', and 'thank'?

<p>All three expressions have initial fricative segment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the zone of proximal development?

<p>The range of tasks that a learner can perform with help. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which four major theories of language acquisition might you explore?

<p>Behaviorism, cognitivism, nativism, interactionism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following linguists would you consult for more information on major theories of language acquisition?

<p>Dell Hymes, Michael Halliday, Joseph Greenberg, Noam Chomsky (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a morpheme in the word 'surveil'?

<p>It is a root morpheme. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Universal Grammar suggest about children?

<p>The child acquires Universal Grammar regardless of their native language. (A), Certain aspects of grammar are universally acquired. (B), Certain aspects of grammar are innate. (C), The child is born with an adult-like knowledge of grammar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis, increased levels of which of the following affective filters relate to lower anxiety and higher self-confidence?

<p>Affective filters, anxiety, self-confidence (A), Affective filters, self-confidence, anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about language learners is supported by the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky?

<p>Social interactions play a key role in knowledge construction. (A), Learners actively construct their own knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of morpheme is commonly involved in the affixation process in words like 'posted', 'pictures', and 'fastest'?

<p>Inflectional morpheme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the statement 'There are unlimited limits in this institution,' which poetic device is employed?

<p>Oxymoron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary role of affective filters in language acquisition?

<p>They block or facilitate learning based on emotional factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes that certain features of grammar are acquired regardless of a learner's native language?

<p>Universal Grammar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be low for second language learners to be classified as having an increased level of self-confidence?

<p>Anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sentence expresses a command or request?

<p>Imperative sentence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antonym of the word 'dead'?

<p>Vitalized (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which authors would be relevant for understanding genre analysis in linguistics?

<p>Michael Hoey, Winifred Crombie, John Swales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What place of articulation is used for the initial sound in 'terrible'?

<p>Alveolar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept developments in linguistics mentioned include all EXCEPT which of the following?

<p>Syllable structure and intonation patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which authors are associated with the study of pedagogical grammar?

<p>Geoffrey Leech, Terence Odlin, and Celce-Murcia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is NOT a technical term in linguistic studies?

<p>Metaphor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of sentence is characterized by expressing strong emotion?

<p>Exclamative sentence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Pragmatics

The study of how meaning is conveyed in language, including the role of context and speaker intentions.

Simple Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause, meaning it contains just one subject and verb.

Anaphora

A word or phrase that refers to something that has already been mentioned.

Nasal Sounds

The sounds made when air flows through the nose.

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Illocutionary Acts

The study of speech acts, focusing on the intent of the speaker and how their words are understood.

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Vocal Cord Vibrations

The sounds produced by the vibration of the vocal cords.

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Fricative Sounds

The sound produced by the air passing through a narrow space, creating friction.

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Zone of Proximal Development

The distance between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with help.

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What is a gerund?

A gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun, often acting as the subject or object of the sentence.

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What's a morpheme?

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. It can be a word, prefix, suffix, or root that contributes to the meaning of a word.

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What is an adjective phrase?

An adjective phrase is a group of words that modifies a noun or pronoun. It typically includes an adjective as its head.

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What is a present unreal conditional?

Present unreal conditionals are used to express hypothetical situations that are unlikely or impossible in the present or future. They often use the structure 'if + simple past tense, would/could/might + verb.'

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What is stress in language?

Stress in language refers to the emphasis placed on a specific syllable in a word or phrase. It can change the meaning of a sentence.

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How do I recognize a sentence with an adjective phrase?

A sentence with an adjective phrase includes a group of words that modifies a noun using an adjective. The adjective phrase acts like a description of the noun.

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What is an appositive?

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames or explains another noun or pronoun. It is usually set off by commas.

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What is a quantifier?

Quantifiers describe the amount or quantity of something. They can be used to specify the exact number, like 'two,' or express a general amount, like 'some' or 'many.'

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Etymology

The origin and historical development of a word.

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Linguistic Competence

This refers to the meaning of words and how they are structured within sentences.

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Sociolinguistic Competence

This focuses on the social context of language use, including things like politeness, formality, and cultural norms.

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Historical Linguistics

The study of the historical development of languages.

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Clause

A group of words that function together as a unit within a sentence, usually with a subject and a verb.

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Prefixes 'ultra' and 'hyper'

The prefixes 'ultra' and 'hyper' both indicate a degree or extent beyond the norm.

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Phraseology

A set of familiar words that a person uses regularly. It's like a personal dictionary.

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Extensive Verbs

Verbs that describe actions that are complete and often happen quickly.

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Imperative sentence

A type of sentence that does not explicitly state the subject, as it is assumed to be the person being addressed. Example: "Close the door." (The assumed subject is "you").

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Declarative sentence

A sentence that expresses a statement or fact. Example: "The sky is blue."

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Place of articulation

The place where the tongue touches the roof of the mouth to produce a sound.

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Theoretical Linguistics

The study of language structure and how it functions in communication, which has influenced language teaching.

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Antonym

A word that has the opposite meaning of another word. For example, 'dead' and 'vitalized' are antonyms.

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Genre Analysis

A type of grammatical analysis that focuses on the functions of language in different contexts.

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Collocational Grammar

A type of grammar that focuses on how words are used in context and how they combine with other words.

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Semantic Grammar

A type of grammar that focuses on the meaning of words and how they are used in sentences.

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Adverb phrase

A phrase that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

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Noun phrase

A phrase that acts as a noun in a sentence, often containing a noun and modifiers.

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Prepositional phrase

A phrase that begins with a preposition and includes an object, giving information about location, time, or other relationships.

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Universal Grammar

The theory that children are born with an innate understanding of language structure, making it easier to acquire their native tongue.

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Affective Filter Hypothesis

A hypothesis explaining that learners' emotional state impacts language acquisition. Learners with high anxiety and low self-confidence have a higher 'affective filter,' hindering language learning.

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Constructivist Theory

A framework suggesting that learners actively construct their own knowledge through interaction with the environment and social interaction.

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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The distance between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with assistance from a more knowledgeable person.

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Paradox

A poetic device where a statement appears to be contradictory or illogical, but actually reveals a deeper truth.

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Input Hypothesis

This hypothesis proposes that language learning happens when learners receive comprehensible input, meaning language that is slightly beyond their current level but can be understood with the help of context and prior knowledge.

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Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

This hypothesis states that there are two distinct systems for language learning: acquisition, which happens naturally through exposure and interaction, and learning, which is conscious and rule-based.

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Total Physical Response (TPR)

This method emphasizes the connection between physical movement and language learning. Learners respond to commands and instructions through actions, associating words and meaning with physical responses.

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Monitor Hypothesis

This hypothesis focuses on the "monitor" function in language learners, which refers to their ability to use conscious linguistic knowledge to edit and correct their output. It suggests that this monitor is most effective when learners are aware of the rules and have time to process them.

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Building blocks of language

A syllabus that focuses on building blocks of language aims to teach language as a system of components. It emphasizes the foundational elements of language, such as sounds, words, and sentences, before progressing to more complex structures.

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Metacognitive strategies: Excluding limiting conversations

Metacognitive strategies are techniques learners use to reflect on their learning process. However, engaging in fewer conversations with native speakers is not a metacognitive strategy, as it hinders language learning.

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CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency)

CALP, or Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency, refers to the language skills needed for academic tasks and formal communication. It encompasses higher-level language skills necessary for understanding complex concepts and expressing ideas in sophisticated ways.

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Study Notes

Enhancement Review Questions - English Major

  • Transcriptions:
    • /tarp/ represents the word "tap"
    • /ðız/ represents the word "these"
  • Stress:
    • The word "ceremony" is stressed on the second syllable.
  • Semantic Similarity:
    • Sentences with different meanings should be identified from options that are semantically similar.
  • Word Stress:
    • The stressed word depends on the context, meaning that the speaker's intent.
  • Morphemes:
    • The word "crocodile" has three morphemes.
  • Acceptable English Sentences:
    • Select sentences that conform to grammatical rules and usage.
  • Vowel Characteristics:
    • Vowels are characterized by the vibration of vocal cords and the obstruction in the vocal tract.
  • Simple Sentences:
    • Sentences with one independent clause. Example: "I submitted my project."
  • Sentence Types:
    • A simple sentence is a sentence with one independent clause.
    • Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
  • Minimal Pairs:
    • Minimal pairs are words that differ by only one phoneme
    • Example: "fair-fare", "grace-graze", "pear-pair", "wise-nice"
  • Conversational Maxims:
    • Maxim of quality (truthfulness)
    • Maxim of quantity (enough information)
    • Maxim of relation (relevance)
    • Maxim of manner (clarity, conciseness)
  • Gerunds:
    • Gerunds in the sentence "Many students do not like reading" act as the object of the verb "like".
  • Adjective Phrases:
    • Adjective phrases modify nouns, e.g., "the students in the classroom"
  • Conditional Statements:
    • The "present unreal conditional" refers to situations that are contrary to the present fact.
  • Linguistics Subfields:
    • Pragmatics focuses on illocutionary acts
  • Language Acquisition Theories:
    • Behaviorism, cognitivism, nativism, and interactionism.
  • Zone of Proximal Development:
    • Interactions between skilled helpers and developing minds (children)
  • Linguistics Branches:
    • Clinical Linguistics
    • Etymology
    • Style/Linguistic Stylistics
  • Syntactic Structures:
    • Direct object, indirect object. For example: "The dog gave me the ball." The dog is the subject, gave the verb, me the indirect object and the ball is the direct object
  • Conditonal Sentences:
    • Zero conditional: both clauses are present simple form (e.g., "If it rains, the ground gets wet")
    • First conditional: if clause is present simple, main clause uses future tense (e.g., "If I study, I will pass the test)
    • Second conditional: if clause is past simple, main clause uses conditional form, "would" (e.g., "If I had money, I would buy a car")
    • Third conditional: if clause is past perfect, main clause uses conditional perfect, "would have" (e.g., "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test")
  • Language Learning Theories:
    • Stephen Krashen's comprehensible input hypothesis.
  • Language Theories:
    • Jakobson's model of communication stresses the communicative process components including sender, receiver, message and context
  • Referential Semantics:
    • Deixis, anaphora, coreference, and prototype
  • Phonology:
    • Pronunciation patterns, and comparison using IPA
  • Language Teaching Methots:
    • Grammar-translation method, Direct approach, Total Physical Response, Suggestopedia
  • Language Features:
    • Arbitrariness of language (no inherent relationship between sound and meaning)
    • Rapid fading characteristics (speech is fleeting)
  • Poetic Devices:
    • Hyponymy (e.g. pasta, spaghetti)
    • Anaphora (repetition of words or phrases for emphasis)
    • Epiphora (repetition of words or phrases at the end of clauses)
    • Alliteration (repetition of consonant sounds)
    • Assonance (repetition of vowel sounds).
  • Grammatical Structures:
    • Simple and Complex sentences.
    • Phrase structure (noun phrases, prepositional phrases)
  • Sentence Fragments:
    • Incomplete grammatical units. Example: "Quit it", "She shone", etc.
  • Semantic Analysis:
    • Meaning of words or word combinations – Lexical ambiguity.
  • Language Acquisition:
    • BICS (basic interpersonal communication skills) and CALP (cognitive academic language proficiency)
  • Metacognitive Strategies:
    • Planning, monitoring, and evaluating language learning activities.

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Enhancement Review Questions for Majors PDF

Description

This quiz covers various aspects of English language study, including transcription, word stress, morphemes, and sentence types. It aims to evaluate your understanding of phonetics, semantics, and grammatical structures in English. Test your skills in identifying acceptable sentences and recognizing stress patterns.

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