Enhanced Science Reviewer Quarter 1

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes longitudinal waves?

They are slower in solids than in gases.

They involve particles moving in a circular pattern.

They travel parallel to the motion of particles. (correct)

They travel perpendicular to the motion of particles.

How does temperature affect the speed of sound in air?

Higher temperatures increase sound speed. (correct)

It has no effect on sound speed.

Higher temperatures decrease sound speed.

Sound speed is only dependent on the medium.

Which of the following is true regarding the electromagnetic spectrum?

X-rays have a lower frequency than microwaves.

Radiowaves travel faster than gamma rays.

Gamma rays are at the lowest end of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Visible light has a higher frequency than infrared. (correct)

What effect does an increase in amplitude have on light?

It makes the light appear brighter. Signup and view all the answers

What is photometry concerned with?

Measuring the intensity or brightness of light. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing the resistance in a circuit have on the current flow?

It decreases the current flow. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a series circuit?

A gap or break stops the flow of current entirely. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?

To prevent electrical overload by melting and breaking the circuit. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the high resistance of a wire?

A longer length of wire. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when too many appliances are plugged into a single outlet, referred to as octopus wiring?

It can lead to overloading of the circuit. Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of work named after James Prescott Joule?

Joule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes when work is done on an object?

The object moves in the same direction as the force applied. Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is described as the energy of motion?

Kinetic Energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about gravitational potential energy?

It depends on the object's height relative to a reference level. Signup and view all the answers

What does the color white represent in terms of visible light?

Combination of all the wavelengths of visible light Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of power in a physical context?

The rate of doing work and using energy Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of sound waves is related to the loudness of the sound?

Amplitude Signup and view all the answers

Which color of light has the greatest refractive index?

Violet Signup and view all the answers

How is heat transferred between objects?

From higher temperature to lower temperature Signup and view all the answers

What type of wave is sound classified as?

Longitudinal wave Signup and view all the answers

What is heat capacity dependent on?

The mass of an object Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sound waves?

Mass Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the temperature of ice while it is melting?

It remains the same Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of current in electricity?

The number of electrical charges flowing through a point Signup and view all the answers

Which device is used to measure electric current?

Ammeter Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a phase change when heat is added to a substance?

The temperature remains constant Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the term 'Force'?

Force is a push or pull acting on an object. Signup and view all the answers

What type of force is the tension in a rope when pulling an object?

Tension Force Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates a gravitational force?

A leaf falling from a tree. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when two forces of equal magnitude act in opposite directions on an object?

The object will not move. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating weight based on mass and gravitational acceleration?

Weight = mass * gravity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the Law of Inertia?

An object at rest tends to remain at rest. Signup and view all the answers

What does Fnet represent in the context of forces acting on an object?

The vector sum of all forces acting on an object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for force in the metric system?

Newton (N) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Forces and Motion

Force (F): A push or pull described by magnitude, direction, point of application, and line of action.
Types of Forces:
- Gravity Force: Pull of a planet on an object, e.g., leaf falling due to Earth’s gravity.
- Tension Force: Contact force exerted by a string or rope, e.g., a child on a swing.
- Normal Force: Perpendicular force from a surface against an object, e.g., a book on a table.
- Friction Force: Resists motion, directed tangentially to the surface.

Balance of Forces

Objects with equal and opposite forces are in balance and remain at rest or move uniformly unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Combining Forces

Fnet: The vector sum of all acting forces; balanced forces cancel each other out, leading to no movement.

Free Body Diagrams

Illustrate the forces acting on an object, helping to visualize their relative magnitude and direction.

Key Terms

Newton (N): Unit of force; equivalent to kg·m/s².
Mass: Quantity of matter in an object.
Weight: Measure of gravitational force on a body, varies with location; calculated using m*g with g = 9.8 m/s².

Three Laws of Motion

1st Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force.
2nd Law (Acceleration): Acceleration is directly proportional to net force and inversely proportional to mass.
3rd Law (Interaction): Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Work

Defined as the application of force through distance, transferring energy.
Work Done: Occurs when force results in displacement in the direction of the force.
Unit of Work: Joule (J).

Energy

Ability to do work; energy is transferred when work is performed.
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
Potential Energy: Energy stored in an object's position; has gravitational and elastic types.
- Gravitational Potential Energy: Related to an object's height.
- Elastic Potential Energy: Stored in elastic materials when stretched or compressed.

Power

Rate at which work is done or energy is used; measured in Watts (W).

Sound

Produced by vibrating objects; a mechanical wave requiring a medium to propagate.
Characteristics of Sound Waves:
- Wavelength: Distance between identical points on a wave.
- Amplitude: Strength of the sound wave.
- Frequency: Determines the pitch of the sound.
- Velocity: Speed of sound, affected by the medium (fastest in solids).

Light

An electromagnetic wave traveling at approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Arranged by increasing frequency, including radiowaves to gamma rays.
Properties of light include intensity, brightness, and color dependent on frequency/wavelength.

Heat and Temperature

Heat: Energy transfer due to temperature differences; flows from high to low temperature.
Temperature: Measure of thermal energy, indicating heat flow.
Specific Heat Capacity: Energy needed to change an object’s temperature.
Calorimeter: Device for measuring heat.

Current, Voltage, Resistance

Current: Flow of electrical charge, measured in Amperes (A).
Voltage: Energy per charge to move electrons, measured in Volts (V).
Resistance: Opposes current flow; measured in Ohms (Ω). Affects current: high resistance lowers current, whereas low resistance raises it.

Circuits

Series Circuit: Single pathway; a break halts current flow.
Parallel Circuit: Multiple pathways; breaks do not affect other branches.
Short Circuit: Occurs when exposed wires touch, potentially causing fires due to increased current.

Safety Measures

Circuit Breaker: Automatically stops current flow in overcurrent situations.
Fuse: Melts to separate in excess current scenarios.
Double Insulation: Prevents wire contact with outer casing.
Earthing: Connects installations to the Earth to ensure safety.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of forces and motion as introduced in Chapter 1. Focus on the definitions, magnitude, direction, and types of forces including gravity and tension. Test your understanding of these critical physical principles and their applications.

Enhanced Science Reviewer Quarter 1 - Forces & Motion

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