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Questions and Answers
What aspect of Olaudah Equiano's life highlights the brutality of the slave trade?
What aspect of Olaudah Equiano's life highlights the brutality of the slave trade?
What unique experience did Equiano have compared to many other slaves in the Americas?
What unique experience did Equiano have compared to many other slaves in the Americas?
What factors contributed to Equiano’s inability to eat during his trip on the slave ship?
What factors contributed to Equiano’s inability to eat during his trip on the slave ship?
After gaining his freedom, which of the following experiences did Equiano NOT participate in?
After gaining his freedom, which of the following experiences did Equiano NOT participate in?
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How did Equiano describe his own character in his writings?
How did Equiano describe his own character in his writings?
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What primarily pushed Englishmen out of Barbados?
What primarily pushed Englishmen out of Barbados?
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What did Englishmen bring with them when they moved from Barbados to South Carolina?
What did Englishmen bring with them when they moved from Barbados to South Carolina?
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How was South Carolina dependent on Barbados?
How was South Carolina dependent on Barbados?
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Which of the following was an outcome of the dependency between Barbados and South Carolina?
Which of the following was an outcome of the dependency between Barbados and South Carolina?
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What was a key belief upheld by the Quakers in Pennsylvania?
What was a key belief upheld by the Quakers in Pennsylvania?
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What advantages did Africans offer that facilitated the transition to racial slavery?
What advantages did Africans offer that facilitated the transition to racial slavery?
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Which statement best captures the nature of the slave code brought from Barbados to South Carolina?
Which statement best captures the nature of the slave code brought from Barbados to South Carolina?
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What aspect of African slaves made it easier for masters to identify runaways?
What aspect of African slaves made it easier for masters to identify runaways?
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What allowed West African slaves in South Carolina to preserve their culture?
What allowed West African slaves in South Carolina to preserve their culture?
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What process led to the blending of African beliefs with Christianity among slaves?
What process led to the blending of African beliefs with Christianity among slaves?
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During the Middle Passage, how were Africans transported on ships?
During the Middle Passage, how were Africans transported on ships?
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What initiated the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina?
What initiated the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina?
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What was a significant consequence of the Stono Rebellion?
What was a significant consequence of the Stono Rebellion?
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How did the Triangular Trade function?
How did the Triangular Trade function?
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What factor was primarily responsible for the high importation of slaves in the West Indies?
What factor was primarily responsible for the high importation of slaves in the West Indies?
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What is the significance of the Yoruba religion in the context of slavery?
What is the significance of the Yoruba religion in the context of slavery?
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What strategy did African slaves use to cope with their oppression?
What strategy did African slaves use to cope with their oppression?
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What aspect of African culture was largely maintained despite slavery?
What aspect of African culture was largely maintained despite slavery?
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What was a consequence of the cultural syncretism noted in enslaved African communities?
What was a consequence of the cultural syncretism noted in enslaved African communities?
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Why was the Middle Passage particularly dangerous for African slaves?
Why was the Middle Passage particularly dangerous for African slaves?
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What led to the emergence of Santaria in the Caribbean?
What led to the emergence of Santaria in the Caribbean?
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What was the primary effect of the South Carolina Negro Act of 1740?
What was the primary effect of the South Carolina Negro Act of 1740?
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What was a key reason Europeans selected Africans for slave labor in the 1600s?
What was a key reason Europeans selected Africans for slave labor in the 1600s?
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What was a consequence of Bacon's Rebellion?
What was a consequence of Bacon's Rebellion?
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What did the Virginia law of 1662 establish regarding the status of children born to slave women?
What did the Virginia law of 1662 establish regarding the status of children born to slave women?
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How did the transition from indentured servitude to racial slavery occur?
How did the transition from indentured servitude to racial slavery occur?
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What underlying societal issue contributed to the Salem Witch Trials?
What underlying societal issue contributed to the Salem Witch Trials?
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What characterized the people accused of witchcraft in Salem?
What characterized the people accused of witchcraft in Salem?
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Which event did not directly contribute to the transition from indentured servitude to slavery?
Which event did not directly contribute to the transition from indentured servitude to slavery?
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What was Nathaniel Bacon's main demand during the rebellion?
What was Nathaniel Bacon's main demand during the rebellion?
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What was the reaction of the colonial government following Bacon's Rebellion?
What was the reaction of the colonial government following Bacon's Rebellion?
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What was a primary motive behind the changes in laws regarding slavery during the 17th century?
What was a primary motive behind the changes in laws regarding slavery during the 17th century?
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With the Virginia law of 1667, what did authorities conclude about religious conversion for slaves?
With the Virginia law of 1667, what did authorities conclude about religious conversion for slaves?
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What factor heightened tensions between wealthy planters and poorer farmers leading to Bacon's Rebellion?
What factor heightened tensions between wealthy planters and poorer farmers leading to Bacon's Rebellion?
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Which was NOT a method used by the gentry to prevent alliances between poor whites and blacks?
Which was NOT a method used by the gentry to prevent alliances between poor whites and blacks?
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What commonality existed among the women accused during the Salem Witch Trials?
What commonality existed among the women accused during the Salem Witch Trials?
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What belief driven the Puritan interpretation of misfortunes such as poor harvests?
What belief driven the Puritan interpretation of misfortunes such as poor harvests?
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Study Notes
English Migration from Barbados to South Carolina
- Englishmen left Barbados due to overcrowding, lack of land, and shortages of food, lumber, and fuel.
- They were drawn to South Carolina's fertile lands, potential for crop production, and the opportunity to acquire land through slave ownership (100 + 100x + 50p, x=slaves, p=persons).
- Englishmen brought their slave culture, including the Yellow fever and established slave codes.
Barbadian-South Carolina Dependency
- Barbados depended on South Carolina for barrels, wood, lumber, food, and rice, forming part of the Triangular Trade.
- Importation of slaves from South Carolina were crucial to Barbados' economy.
- South Carolina was built on Barbados' infrastructure.
- Overlap in cuisine between the two regions is evident: rice cuisine became popular in both areas.
Quaker Beliefs in Pennsylvania
- William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, promoted Quaker ideals of faith, equality, and restrictions.
- "Christian liberty" was offered to Christians and the faithful, excluding others from leadership positions.
- Religious tolerance was not universal; other religions were excluded, especially Jews.
- Only landowning, tax-paying, free Christian men could vote; women and non-property owners were excluded, owning at least 100 acres is required, indentured servants could vote with 50 acres instead.
Transition to Racial Slavery
- Europeans chose Africans for slave labor due to the belief that they were inferior, could not escape (not familiar with the land), had inherited slave status, were more immune to European diseases, and possessed agricultural skills, specifically rice cultivation.
- English Common Law didn't apply to enslaved Africans, protecting slaveholders from abusing slaves.
Bacon's Rebellion
- Bacon's Rebellion reflected a class war between wealthy white planters and poorer white farmers, indentured servants, and enslaved Africans.
- William Berkeley, the governor of Virginia, sided with wealthy planters and Native Americans over small farmers, triggering conflicts over land.
- High taxes on tobacco and decreasing tobacco prices exacerbated the situation for farmers.
- Nathaniel Bacon, a planter, mobilized white poor farmers, indentured servants, and enslaved Africans, promising freedom to those who joined the rebellion.
- Bacon briefly became governor but was ultimately suppressed by the English.
Causes of the Transition from Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery
- Bacon's Rebellion alarmed the white gentry who were concerned about poor white farmers and enslaved Africans uniting against the elite.
- To avoid another rebellion, the Gentry gave poor white farmers more privileges than enslaved Africans to avoid similar conflicts, leading to a gradual phasing out of indentured servitude and the focus primarily on slavery for Africans.
- Lowering taxes, providing available western land, and the increased death rate of indentured servants in addition to improved wages made indentured servants less attractive to be employed.
- The 1619 arrival of the first Africans to Virginia marked the beginning of the transition to racial slavery. Virginia laws established the slave status for offspring of female slaves, regardless of the father's free status.
- Religious conversion didn't release slaves. Christians could enslave other Christians.
Puritan View of Witchcraft
- Puritans used religious and supernatural explanations for disasters like bad harvests and stillborn children, considering them manifestations of divine will or demonic interference.
Salem Witch Trials
- Women accused of witchcraft were often older, widows, and those who did not conform to traditional gender roles.
- Accusations snowballed as the only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others.
- Accusations transcended age and social standing, with any person being subject to the accusations.
Effects of Salem Witch Trials
- The Salem witch trials led to changes in the justice system, as the governor implemented changes based on unjustified accusations made against individuals.
- Scientific explanations for events, such as comets and illnesses, became more prominent in society.
- Imprisoned individuals were released from accusations.
African Slave Culture Preservation in South Carolina
- Africans in South Carolina preserved aspects of their culture through names, language, and traditions.
- Limited contact with white colonists, high death rates among slaves, and continuous importations, allowed African slaves to maintain their cultural norms.
African Beliefs and Christianity
- African beliefs blended with Christianity in a process of cultural syncretism, adding the Christian God into their existing belief structures.
- The importation of Yoruba religion into the Americas (from Nigeria and Benin) involved polytheistic worship of Orishas, each with a specific role.
Spanish Slavery and Yoruba Religion in Cuba
- Cultural syncretism occurred when the Spanish prohibited the Yoruba religion, forcing slaves to incorporate their religious practices into Catholicism, particularly pairing Orishas with Catholic saints.
- Santaria emerged as a mixture of Yoruba and Catholic beliefs.
Triangular Trade
- European merchants traded manufactured goods, firearms, and textiles to Africa for slaves.
- These slaves were transported ("Middle Passage") to the Americas and exchanged for raw materials that were brought back to Europe.
Slave Imports in Brazil and the West Indies vs. British North America
- Higher slave death rates in the West Indies necessitated greater imports to replace the deceased population.
- Higher birth rates in British North America led to a lower need for slave imports.
Middle Passage
- The Middle Passage was the brutal transatlantic journey (100+ days) that transported enslaved Africans, chained and crammed together, to American colonies.
- Significant mortality rates occurred during the passage.
- Overcrowding and lack of sanitation during the voyages fostered disease.
Northern Colonies and Slavery
- Northern economies largely traded goods (livestock, grain, food, manufactured goods) to Europe and were linked to the slave trade.
- Although some Northerners did not own substantial numbers of slaves, the regions' economies relied on slave-produced goods and trade.
Slave Resistance
- The Stono Rebellion, a slave uprising, demonstrated resistance to the harsh conditions of slavery.
- Acts of resistance included violence, work stoppages, and escape.
Olaudah Equiano
- Olaudah Equiano's life as an enslaved person conveyed the harsh brutality of the slave trade, highlighting the trauma of the Middle Passage and the vulnerability of enslaved children.
- The account shows that his experience was unique and significantly different than the average enslaved person's.
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Description
Explore the factors that led to English migration from Barbados to South Carolina, including economic challenges and land opportunities. Learn about the impact of this migration on the culture and economy of both regions, including the reliance on slave labor and the integration of cuisines.
