English Language Overview

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Questions and Answers

English is a ______ language that originated in medieval England.

Germanic

Over 1.5 billion people speak ______ worldwide.

English

English has been influenced by Old Norse, Latin, and ______.

French

The English writing system is primarily ______-to-right.

<p>left</p> Signup and view all the answers

English grammar is known for its ______, which can challenge learners.

<p>irregularities</p> Signup and view all the answers

why we breath?

<p>Inhalation = air enters the body Gas Exchange = In the alveoli, oxygen (Oâ‚‚) moves from the air into the blood in tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Exhalation = air exits the body the role of diaphgram = Carbon dioxide removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of transport with their characteristics:

<p>Passive transport = Occurs without energy input Active transport = Requires energy input to move substances Endocytosis = Involves membrane vesicles for bulk transport Exocytosis = Process of expelling large molecules from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of cell division with their outcomes:

<p>Mitosis = Produces genetically identical daughter cells Meiosis = Produces genetically diverse daughter cells Cell cycle = Involves stages of growth and DNA replication Cytokinesis = Final stage after mitosis or meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their functions in cell signaling:

<p>Reception = Detection of extracellular signals Transduction = Conversion of signals into cellular responses Response = Change in gene expression or behavior Autocrine signaling = Signal affects the same cell that released it</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles of proteins with their functions:

<p>Transport proteins = Move substances across membranes Signaling proteins = Facilitate communication between cells Structural proteins = Provide support and shape to cells Enzymatic proteins = Catalyze biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to membranes with their definitions:

<p>Cholesterol = Affects fluidity of animal cell membranes Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Osmosis = Specific type of diffusion involving water Ionic channels = Regulate movement of ions across membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell types with their characteristics:

<p>Prokaryotic Cells = Lack membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic Cells = Contain a true nucleus Animal Cells = Have centrioles for cell division Plant Cells = Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their functions:

<p>Nucleus = Houses genetic material (DNA) Mitochondria = Produces ATP through cellular respiration Golgi Apparatus = Packages proteins and lipids for transport Lysosomes = Breaks down waste materials and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell structures with their descriptions:

<p>Plasma Membrane = Selective barrier regulating substance passage Cytoplasm = Fluid that fills the cell Cell Wall = Provides structure in plant cells Vacuoles = Storage and waste disposal sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell membrane components with their roles:

<p>Phospholipid Bilayer = Forms the structural basis of the membrane Embedded Proteins = Facilitate transport and signaling Cholesterol = Stabilizes membrane fluidity Carbohydrates = Involved in cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of ribosomes with their locations:

<p>Ribosomes in Rough ER = Synthesize proteins for secretion Free Ribosomes = Synthesize proteins for use within the cell Mitochondrial Ribosomes = Produce proteins for mitochondria Chloroplast Ribosomes = Generate proteins for chloroplast function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions with the corresponding organelles:

<p>Endoplasmic Reticulum = Involved in protein and lipid synthesis Cytoskeleton = Provides structural support and transport Chloroplasts = Capture light energy for photosynthesis Centrioles = Organize microtubules during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with cell types:

<p>Epithelial Cells = Cover body surfaces and line cavities Muscle Cells = Facilitate movement through contraction Nerve Cells = Transmit electrical signals Blood Cells = Transport oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with cell types:

<p>Prokaryotic Cells = Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic Cells = Larger and more complex Archaea = A type of prokaryote living in extreme environments Fungi = Eukaryotic cells with a chitin cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

English Origin

English originated in medieval England and belongs to the Germanic language family.

English Usage

English is widely used globally, being dominant in many countries and international organizations.

English Vocabulary

English has a broad vocabulary due to borrowing from various languages, making it highly adaptable.

English Irregularities

English grammar has both rules and irregularities and relies on word combinations rather than endings.

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English Dialects

English has regional variations, spoken differently in various countries, like American, British English.

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Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane without energy input, like diffusion and osmosis

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Cell Division

Process where a single cell splits into two or more daughter cells. Essential for growth, repair & reproduction

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Mitosis (purpose)

Cell division producing genetically identical daughter cells

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Cell Signaling (pathways)

Cells communicate using signaling pathways involving reception, transduction, and response to extracellular signals.

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Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy input (against concentration gradient)

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Prokaryotic Cell

A unicellular organism without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotes.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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Cell Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that regulates what enters and exits the cell.

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Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for energy production (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Nucleus

Organelle containing the cell's DNA, controlling cellular activities.

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Ribosomes

Cell structures that synthesize proteins.

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Cellular Respiration

Process generating energy (ATP) in the mitochondria.

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Chloroplasts

Plant cell organelles for photosynthesis, converting light energy to chemical energy.

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Study Notes

English Language Overview

  • English is a Germanic language, originating in medieval England.
  • It has over 1.5 billion speakers globally.
  • It's the dominant or official language in many countries, including the US, UK, Canada, and Australia.
  • It's an official or secondary language in numerous international organizations.

Historical Influences

  • English vocabulary is enriched by influences from Old Norse, Latin, and French.
  • It has absorbed words from various cultures, creating a diverse lexicon.
  • This adaptability has made it a global lingua franca in diverse fields like business, science, technology, diplomacy, and entertainment.

Grammar and Structure

  • English grammar has rules, but also numerous irregularities.
  • It relies on word combinations more than inflectional endings for meaning.
  • Its flexible word order is another key feature.
  • Spelling conventions are often inconsistent with pronunciation.

Writing and Dialects

  • The English alphabet has 26 letters.
  • English writing is primarily left-to-right.
  • English has diversified into various dialects and regional accents (e.g., British English, American English, Australian English).

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