English Grammar: Word Classes

Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Common nouns: cat, city, happiness
- Proper nouns: John, London, Google
- Collective nouns: family, team, flock
- Abstract nouns: love, freedom, anger
Verbs: Words that express action, occurrence, or state of being
- Action verbs: run, jump, read
- Linking verbs: be, seem, appear
- Helping verbs: will, would, shall
- Transitive and intransitive verbs
Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: one, two, three
- Qualitative adjectives: happy, tall, blue
Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: quickly, loudly, wisely
- Time adverbs: yesterday, soon, already
- Place adverbs: here, there, everywhere
- Frequency adverbs: often, rarely, never
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it
- Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its
- Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Prepositions: Words that show relationships between words or phrases
- Words of location: in, on, at, by
- Words of direction: to, from, up, down
- Words of time: at, by, during
Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, so
- Subordinating conjunctions: because, although, if, unless
Interjections: Words that express emotion or feeling
- Ah, oh, ouch, wow, yay

Simple sentences: One independent clause
- Declarative sentences: I like coffee.
- Interrogative sentences: What is your name?
- Imperative sentences: Close the door.
- Exclamatory sentences: What a beautiful day!
Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses
- Joined with a coordinating conjunction: I like coffee, and I like tea.
- Joined with a semicolon: I like coffee; I like tea.
Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Independent clause + dependent clause: I like coffee because it's hot.
Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
- Independent clause + independent clause + dependent clause: I like coffee, and I drink it because it's hot.

Present tense: Actions that happen now
- Base form: I eat breakfast.
- -s form: He eats breakfast.
- -ing form: I am eating breakfast.
Past tense: Actions that happened in the past
- Simple past: I ate breakfast.
- Past continuous: I was eating breakfast.
- Past perfect: I had eaten breakfast.
Future tense: Actions that will happen in the future
- Simple future: I will eat breakfast.
- Future continuous: I will be eating breakfast.
- Future perfect: I will have eaten breakfast.

Independent clauses: Complete sentences with a subject and predicate
- I like coffee.
Dependent clauses: Incomplete sentences with a subject and predicate
- Because I like coffee.
Phrases: Groups of words without a subject or predicate
- In the morning.
- With milk and sugar.

Modal verbs: Verbs that express possibility, necessity, or obligation
- Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would
Modal adjectives: Adjectives that express possibility, necessity, or obligation
- Possible, necessary, obligatory
Modal adverbs: Adverbs that express possibility, necessity, or obligation
- Possibly, necessarily, obligatorily

Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Common nouns: cat, city, happiness
- Proper nouns: John, London, Google
- Collective nouns: family, team, flock
- Abstract nouns: love, freedom, anger
Verbs express action, occurrence, or state of being
- Action verbs: run, jump, read
- Linking verbs: be, seem, appear
- Helping verbs: will, would, shall
- Transitive and intransitive verbs
Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: one, two, three
- Qualitative adjectives: happy, tall, blue
Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: quickly, loudly, wisely
- Time adverbs: yesterday, soon, already
- Place adverbs: here, there, everywhere
- Frequency adverbs: often, rarely, never
Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it
- Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its
- Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Prepositions show relationships between words or phrases
- Words of location: in, on, at, by
- Words of direction: to, from, up, down
- Words of time: at, by, during
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, so
- Subordinating conjunctions: because, although, if, unless
Interjections express emotion or feeling
- Ah, oh, ouch, wow, yay

Simple sentences have one independent clause
- Declarative sentences: I like coffee.
- Interrogative sentences: What is your name?
- Imperative sentences: Close the door.
- Exclamatory sentences: What a beautiful day!
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses
- Joined with a coordinating conjunction: I like coffee, and I like tea.
- Joined with a semicolon: I like coffee; I like tea.
Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Independent clause + dependent clause: I like coffee because it's hot.
Compound-complex sentences have two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
- Independent clause + independent clause + dependent clause: I like coffee, and I drink it because it's hot.

Present tense describes actions that happen now
- Base form: I eat breakfast.
- -s form: He eats breakfast.
- -ing form: I am eating breakfast.
Past tense describes actions that happened in the past
- Simple past: I ate breakfast.
- Past continuous: I was eating breakfast.
- Past perfect: I had eaten breakfast.
Future tense describes actions that will happen in the future
- Simple future: I will eat breakfast.
- Future continuous: I will be eating breakfast.
- Future perfect: I will have eaten breakfast.

Independent clauses are complete sentences with a subject and predicate
- I like coffee.
Dependent clauses are incomplete sentences with a subject and predicate
- Because I like coffee.
Phrases are groups of words without a subject or predicate
- In the morning.
- With milk and sugar.

Modal verbs express possibility, necessity, or obligation
- Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would
Modal adjectives express possibility, necessity, or obligation
- Possible, necessary, obligatory
Modal adverbs express possibility, necessity, or obligation
- Possibly, necessarily, obligatorily