English: Grammar, Vocabulary, and Sentence Structure

• English encompasses various aspects of language and literature
• It includes grammar, vocabulary, literature, writing skills, and reading comprehension

Grammar

• Grammar constitutes the structure of language
• It encompasses morphology, which governs word formation
• It includes syntax, which dictate how words combine into sentences
• Parts of speech serve as foundational elements
• Nouns designate persons, locations, objects, or concepts
• Pronouns substitute for nouns, examples include he, she, it
• Verbs denote actions or states of existence
• Adjectives qualify nouns
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
• Prepositions establish relationships between words, such as in, on, at
• Conjunctions link words, phrases, or clauses; examples include and, but, or
• Interjections convey strong emotions, such as Wow! Ouch!
• Sentence structure is built upon subjects, which indicate the sentence's focus
• Predicates describe the subject's actions or state
• Simple sentences consist of a single independent clause
• Compound sentences feature two or more independent clauses joined by conjunctions
• Complex sentences combine an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses
• Tenses pinpoint when an action occurs: past, present, or future
• Subject-verb agreement mandates that the verb form aligns with the subject, as in "I am," "he is"
• Punctuation marks enhance clarity: periods, commas, question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, apostrophes, and quotation marks

Vocabulary

• Vocabulary encompasses the words individuals recognize and employ
• Familiarity with word roots, prefixes, and suffixes aids in deciphering unfamiliar terms
• Roots represent the essential meaning of a word
• Prefixes are added to the beginning
• Suffixes are added to the end
• Context clues within surrounding sentences facilitate deducing the meanings of unfamiliar words
• Synonyms denote words with comparable meanings
• Antonyms signify words with opposing meanings
• Connotation alludes to the emotional implications of a word
• Denotation signifies the literal definition

Literature

• Literature encompasses a body of written works, especially those esteemed for their artistic or enduring merit
• Genres span fiction (novels, short stories)
• Genres span poetry (lyric, narrative, epic)
• Genres span drama (plays)
• Genres span non-fiction (essays, biographies)
• Literary devices constitute techniques wielded by writers to achieve specific effects
• Metaphors draw comparisons between disparate entities without employing "like" or "as"
• Similes draw comparisons between disparate entities using "like" or "as"
• Personification ascribes human attributes to inanimate objects
• Imagery employs evocative language to conjure vivid mental images
• Symbolism employs objects or concepts to represent something beyond their literal meaning
• Irony manifests as a divergence between expression and intent (verbal irony)
• Irony can be a contrast between expectation and reality (situational irony)
• Irony can be a gap between audience awareness and character understanding (dramatic irony)
• Theme embodies the central concept or message within a literary composition
• Analyzing literature entails pinpointing literary devices
• Analyzing literature entails grasping character progression
• Analyzing literature entails interpreting themes

Writing Skills

• Writing skills involve effectively communicating ideas in written form
• Writing purposes include persuasive, informative, narrative and descriptive
• Prewriting encompasses brainstorming, outlining, and information gathering
• Drafting involves composing the initial iteration of a text
• Revising centers on refining the content and structure of writing
• Editing entails rectifying errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and style
• Writing styles include narrative, persuasive, expository and descriptive
• Narrative writing recounts a story
• Persuasive writing endeavors to sway the reader
• Expository writing elucidates or imparts knowledge
• Descriptive writing forges a vivid portrayal through sensory particulars
• Thesis statements articulate the central argument or aim of a written piece
• Paragraph structure comprises a topic sentence
• Paragraph structure comprises supporting details
• Paragraph structure comprises a concluding sentence
• Coherence and cohesion are indispensable for lucid writing
• Coherence signifies a logical progression of ideas
• Cohesion denotes seamless connections between sentences and paragraphs

Reading Comprehension

• Reading comprehension denotes the aptitude to grasp and interpret written content
• Identifying the main idea entails ascertaining the text's central premise
• Summarizing entails condensing the text's principal points
• Making inferences entails formulating conclusions grounded in the text and prior knowledge
• Analyzing text structure entails deciphering the text's organizational framework (cause and effect, compare and contrast, chronological order)
• Evaluating arguments entails gauging the legitimacy and dependability of assertions
• Recognizing tone and purpose entails discerning the author's disposition and intent
• Active reading strategies involve annotating
• Active reading strategies involve questioning
• Active reading strategies involve summarizing
• Reading speeds are adaptable for diverse objectives
• Skimming entails rapid reading to secure a broad overview
• Scanning entails rapid reading to pinpoint specific information
• Close reading entails meticulous and exhaustive analysis of the text