English Grammar Study Notes

Study Notes

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns: persons, places, things, ideas
- Verbs: actions, states of being
- Adjectives: describe nouns
- Adverbs: describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Pronouns: replace nouns
- Prepositions: show relationships between words
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Interjections: express emotions
Sentence Structure:
- Declarative: statements
- Interrogative: questions
- Imperative: commands
- Exclamatory: strong emotions
Tenses:
- Present: happening now
- Past: happened before
- Future: will happen
- Present Perfect: started in the past, continues to the present
- Past Perfect: happened before another action in the past
- Future Perfect: will happen before another action in the future
Clauses and Phrases:
- Independent Clause: complete sentence
- Dependent Clause: cannot stand alone
- Phrase: group of words, not a complete sentence

Word Types:
- Homophones: same pronunciation, different meanings
- Homographs: same spelling, different meanings
- Synonyms: same meaning, different words
- Antonyms: opposite meanings
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots:
- Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word
- Suffixes: added to the end of a word
- Roots: core of a word, often Latin or Greek
Common Word Lists:
- Most Frequently Used Words
- Common Idioms and Phrases
- Words Often Confused

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns classify into: proper, common, collective, abstract, concrete
- Verbs can be: action, linking, helping, transitive, intransitive
- Adjectives describe: quantity, quality, degree, demonstrative, possessive
- Adverbs describe: manner, time, place, frequency, degree
- Pronouns replace: nouns, used as: subject, object, reflexive, demonstrative
- Prepositions show: location, direction, time, manner, means
- Conjunctions connect: words, phrases, clauses, coordinating, subordinating
- Interjections express: emotions, feelings, sudden, strong
Sentence Structure:
- Declarative sentences: statements, assertions, facts
- Interrogative sentences: questions, inquiry, investigation
- Imperative sentences: commands, orders, instructions
- Exclamatory sentences: strong emotions, sudden feelings, emphasis
Tenses:
- Present tense: action happening now, general truth, habitual
- Past tense: action completed, past habits, past causality
- Future tense: action will happen, prediction, plan
- Present Perfect tense: action started in the past, continues to the present
- Past Perfect tense: action happened before another action in the past
- Future Perfect tense: action will happen before another action in the future

Word Types:
- Homophones: to, too, two
- Homographs: bank (financial), bank (river)
- Synonyms: big, large, huge
- Antonyms: hot, cold
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots:
- Prefixes: un-, re-, de-, anti-, non-
- Suffixes: -ly, -ful, -less, -ment, -ship
- Roots: tele- (far), log- (word), bio- (life)
Common Word Lists:
- Frequently used words: the, be, to, of, and
- Common idioms and phrases: break a leg, cost an arm and a leg
- Words often confused: their, there, they're