English Grammar: Sentence Structure

Basic Components:
- Subject: who or what the sentence is about.
- Predicate: tells something about the subject, usually contains a verb.
Types of Sentences:
- Simple: Contains one independent clause (e.g., "She runs.").
- Compound: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., "She runs, and he walks.").
- Complex: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., "She runs because she enjoys it.").
- Compound-Complex: Contains multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., "She runs because she enjoys it, and he walks.").

Periods (.): End statements, commands, and some abbreviations.
Commas (,): Used to separate items in a list, before conjunctions in compound sentences, after introductory elements, and around non-essential clauses.
Semicolons (;): Connect closely related independent clauses or separate items in a complex list.
Colons (: ): Introduce lists, quotes, or explanations after a complete sentence.
Quotation Marks (" "): Indicate direct speech, quotations, or titles of short works.
Apostrophes (' ): Indicate possession or form contractions.
Exclamation Points (!): End emphatic statements or commands.
Question Marks (?): End interrogative sentences.

Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., "dog," "city").
Pronouns: Replace nouns (e.g., "he," "they").
Verbs: Action or state of being (e.g., "run," "is").
Adjectives: Describe nouns (e.g., "happy," "blue").
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., "quickly," "very").
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., "in," "on").
Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., "and," "but").
Interjections: Express emotions or exclamations (e.g., "wow!," "oh!").

Basic Rule: Subjects and verbs must agree in number (singular or plural).
Singular Subjects: Require singular verbs (e.g., "The cat runs.").
Plural Subjects: Require plural verbs (e.g., "The cats run.").
Compound Subjects: When joined by 'and,' use a plural verb (e.g., "Tom and Jerry are friends.").
Collective Nouns: May take singular or plural verbs based on context (e.g., "The team is winning." vs. "The team are arguing among themselves.").
Indefinite Pronouns: Some are always singular (e.g., "everyone"), while others are always plural (e.g., "few").

Present Simple: Actions occurring now (e.g., "She walks.").
Present Continuous: Ongoing actions (e.g., "She is walking.").
Present Perfect: Actions that occurred at an unspecified time (e.g., "She has walked.").
Past Simple: Actions completed in the past (e.g., "She walked.").
Past Continuous: Ongoing actions in the past (e.g., "She was walking.").
Past Perfect: Actions completed before another past action (e.g., "She had walked.").
Future Simple: Actions that will occur (e.g., "She will walk.").
Future Continuous: Ongoing actions that will occur (e.g., "She will be walking.").
Future Perfect: Actions that will be completed before a future point (e.g., "She will have walked.").

Components:
- Subject: Identifies who or what the sentence discusses.
- Predicate: Provides information about the subject, includes a verb.
Types of Sentences:
- Simple: One independent clause (e.g., "She runs.").
- Compound: Two or more independent clauses connected by conjunctions (e.g., "She runs, and he walks.").
- Complex: One independent clause plus at least one dependent clause (e.g., "She runs because she enjoys it.").
- Compound-Complex: Multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., "She runs because she enjoys it, and he walks.").

Periods (.): Indicates the end of statements, commands, or some abbreviations.
Commas (,): Used in lists, before conjunctions in compound sentences, after introductory elements, and around non-essential clauses.
Semicolons (;): Links closely related independent clauses or separates complex list items.
Colons (: ): Introduces lists, quotes, or explanations after complete statements.
Quotation Marks (" "): Enclose direct speech, quotations, or titles of short works.
Apostrophes (' ): Denote possession or contractions.
Exclamation Points (!): Conclude emphatic statements or commands.
Question Marks (?): Finish interrogative sentences.

Nouns: Name people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., "dog," "city").
Pronouns: Replace nouns (e.g., "he," "they").
Verbs: Indicate action or state of being (e.g., "run," "is").
Adjectives: Describe nouns (e.g., "happy," "blue").
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., "quickly," "very").
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., "in," "on").
Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., "and," "but").
Interjections: Express emotions or exclamations (e.g., "wow!," "oh!").

Basic Rule: Subject and verb must match in number (singular/plural).
Singular Subjects: Require singular verbs (e.g., "The cat runs.").
Plural Subjects: Require plural verbs (e.g., "The cats run.").
Compound Subjects: Joined by 'and' take plural verbs (e.g., "Tom and Jerry are friends.").
Collective Nouns: Can take singular or plural verbs depending on the context (e.g., "The team is winning." vs. "The team are arguing.").
Indefinite Pronouns: Some are always singular (e.g., "everyone") while others are always plural (e.g., "few").

Present Simple: Describes current actions (e.g., "She walks.").
Present Continuous: Indicates ongoing actions (e.g., "She is walking.").
Present Perfect: Relates to actions at an unspecified time (e.g., "She has walked.").
Past Simple: Refers to completed past actions (e.g., "She walked.").
Past Continuous: Describes ongoing actions in the past (e.g., "She was walking.").
Past Perfect: Discusses actions completed prior to another past event (e.g., "She had walked.").
Future Simple: Predicts actions that will occur (e.g., "She will walk.").
Future Continuous: Describes ongoing actions that will happen (e.g., "She will be walking.").
Future Perfect: Refers to actions completed before a future point (e.g., "She will have walked.").