Questions and Answers
The verb 'to be' is a modal verb.
False
A dependent clause is a complete sentence.
False
The writing style 'Descriptive' is used to persuade the reader.
False
The prefix 're-' means 'again' or 'anew'.
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The vowel sound in 'cat' is a diphthong.
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Symbolism is a literary device used to create humor.
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J.K. Rowling is a Romanticism author.
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Irony is a literary device used to convey sarcasm.
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Study Notes
Англиский (English)
Grammar
- Parts of speech:
- Nouns (common, proper, concrete, abstract)
- Verbs (action, linking, helping, modal)
- Adjectives (quantitative, qualitative)
- Adverbs (manner, time, place, frequency)
- Pronouns (personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative)
- Prepositions (words that show relationship between words)
- Tenses:
- Present Simple (e.g., I go)
- Present Continuous (e.g., I am going)
- Present Perfect (e.g., I have gone)
- Past Simple (e.g., I went)
- Past Continuous (e.g., I was going)
- Past Perfect (e.g., I had gone)
- Future Simple (e.g., I will go)
- Future Continuous (e.g., I will be going)
- Future Perfect (e.g., I will have gone)
- Clause structure:
- Independent clauses (complete sentence)
- Dependent clauses (cannot stand alone)
- Relative clauses (describe a noun)
Writing Skills
- Essay writing:
- Introduction (hook, background, thesis)
- Body paragraphs (topic sentence, evidence, analysis)
- Conclusion (restatement, summary, final thought)
- Writing styles:
- Narrative (storytelling)
- Descriptive (sensory details)
- Expository (informative)
- Persuasive (argumentative)
- Writing techniques:
- Transitions (connect ideas)
- Imagery (sensory language)
- Repetition (emphasis)
- Rhetorical devices (metaphor, simile, allusion)
Vocabulary
- Word formation:
- Prefixes (un-, re-, de-)
- Suffixes (-able, -ment, -ly)
- Compounding (word + word)
- Word families:
- Synonyms (similar meanings)
- Antonyms (opposite meanings)
- Homophones (same pronunciation)
- Idiomatic expressions:
- Phrasal verbs (pick up, get on)
- Collocations (strong coffee, heavy rain)
Pronunciation
- Vowel sounds:
- Monophthongs (bit, cat, hat)
- Diphthongs (buy, cow, toy)
- Consonant sounds:
- Stops (p, b, t, d)
- Fricatives (s, z, f, v)
- Nasals (m, n, ng)
- Intonation:
- Rising (questions)
- Falling (statements)
- Flat (neutral tone)
Literature
- Literary devices:
- Symbolism (objects with meaning)
- Imagery (sensory language)
- Irony (opposite of expected)
- Literary movements:
- Romanticism (emotions, nature)
- Realism (everyday life)
- Modernism (experimentation, fragmentation)
- Famous authors and works:
- William Shakespeare (Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet)
- Jane Austen (Pride and Prejudice)
- J.K. Rowling (Harry Potter series)
Grammar
- Parts of speech include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and prepositions.
- Nouns can be common, proper, concrete, or abstract.
- Verbs can be action, linking, helping, or modal.
- Adjectives can be quantitative or qualitative.
- Adverbs describe manner, time, place, or frequency.
- Pronouns include personal, possessive, reflexive, and demonstrative types.
- Prepositions show relationship between words.
Tenses
- Present Simple is used for habitual actions (e.g., I go to school).
- Present Continuous is used for ongoing actions (e.g., I am studying).
- Present Perfect is used for completed actions with a connection to the present (e.g., I have studied).
- Past Simple is used for completed actions in the past (e.g., I went to school).
- Past Continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past (e.g., I was studying).
- Past Perfect is used for completed actions before another action in the past (e.g., I had studied).
- Future Simple is used for future actions (e.g., I will go to school).
- Future Continuous is used for ongoing actions in the future (e.g., I will be studying).
- Future Perfect is used for completed actions before another action in the future (e.g., I will have studied).
Clause Structure
- Independent clauses are complete sentences (e.g., I went to school).
- Dependent clauses cannot stand alone (e.g., because I was tired).
- Relative clauses describe a noun (e.g., which I attended).
Writing Skills
- Essay writing consists of introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
- The introduction includes a hook, background, and thesis statement.
- Body paragraphs include a topic sentence, evidence, and analysis.
- The conclusion includes a restatement, summary, and final thought.
Writing Styles
- Narrative writing is storytelling.
- Descriptive writing uses sensory details.
- Expository writing is informative.
- Persuasive writing is argumentative.
Writing Techniques
- Transitions connect ideas between sentences.
- Imagery uses sensory language to create vivid descriptions.
- Repetition is used for emphasis.
- Rhetorical devices include metaphors, similes, and allusions.
Vocabulary
- Word formation includes prefixes, suffixes, and compounding.
- Prefixes include un-, re-, and de-.
- Suffixes include -able, -ment, and -ly.
- Compounding involves combining two words to form a new one.
Word Families
- Synonyms have similar meanings (e.g., big and large).
- Antonyms have opposite meanings (e.g., hot and cold).
- Homophones have the same pronunciation (e.g., to, too, and two).
Idiomatic Expressions
- Phrasal verbs include pick up, get on, and turn off.
- Collocations include strong coffee and heavy rain.
Pronunciation
- Vowel sounds include monophthongs (bit, cat, hat) and diphthongs (buy, cow, toy).
- Consonant sounds include stops (p, b, t, d), fricatives (s, z, f, v), and nasals (m, n, ng).
- Intonation includes rising (questions), falling (statements), and flat (neutral tone) patterns.
Literature
- Literary devices include symbolism, imagery, and irony.
- Symbolism uses objects to convey meaning.
- Imagery uses sensory language to create vivid descriptions.
- Irony is the opposite of what is expected.
Literary Movements
- Romanticism emphasizes emotions and nature.
- Realism focuses on everyday life.
- Modernism involves experimentation and fragmentation.
Famous Authors and Works
- William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
- Jane Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice.
- J.K. Rowling wrote the Harry Potter series.
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Test your knowledge of English grammar, including parts of speech, verb tenses, and sentence structure.