English Grammar Essentials

Study Notes

I apologize, but it seems there has been a mistake. The topic "Saturn" is a planet in our solar system, whereas the subtopics you provided appear to be related to English grammar. Here are the study notes on the subtopics, but please note that they are not related to the planet Saturn:

Subject-Verb Agreement

A sentence must have a subject and a verb that agree in number (singular or plural)
Singular subjects take singular verbs, while plural subjects take plural verbs
Exceptions:
- Collective nouns (e.g. family, team) can be singular or plural depending on the context
- Indefinite pronouns (e.g. everyone, someone) are always singular

Modifiers

Modifiers describe or give more information about a noun or pronoun
Types of modifiers:
- Adjectives (modify nouns or pronouns)
- Adverbs (modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs)
Misplaced modifiers can change the meaning of a sentence
Dangling modifiers are modifiers that are not clearly connected to the word they modify

Fragments

A sentence fragment is a group of words that lacks a subject, verb, or both
Types of fragments:
- Phrase fragments (lack a subject or verb)
- Clause fragments (lack a subject or verb, but have a subject or verb in a subordinate clause)
Fragments can be corrected by adding a subject, verb, or combining with another sentence

Tenses

Verb tenses indicate when an action takes place
Types of tenses:
- Present tense (action happens now)
- Past tense (action happened in the past)
- Future tense (action will happen in the future)
- Perfect tenses (action started in the past and continues up to the present or started in the past and continues up to another point in the past)
- Progressive tenses (action is ongoing)

Apostrophes

Apostrophes indicate possession (something belongs to someone or something else)
Apostrophes are also used to form contractions (e.g. don't, won't)
Common mistakes:
- Confusing its (possessive) with it's (contraction of "it is")
- Using apostrophes with plural nouns (e.g. "apple's" instead of "apples")

Description

Test your knowledge of English grammar rules, including subject-verb agreement, modifiers, sentence fragments, verb tenses, and apostrophe usage. Learn to identify and correct common mistakes in grammar and punctuation.