English Grammar Essentials

English Grammar Basics

Sentence Structure

• A sentence typically consists of a subject, verb, and sometimes an object
• Sentences can be declarative (statements), interrogative (questions), imperative (commands), or exclamatory (strong emotions)

Punctuation

• Punctuation marks are used to clarify sentence meaning and structure
• Common punctuation marks include: periods (.), question marks (?), exclamation marks (!), commas (,), semicolons (;), colons (:), and apostrophes (')

Subject Pronouns

• Subject pronouns replace nouns in sentences as subjects
• Common subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they

Plurals

• Plurals are formed by adding -s or -es to singular nouns
• Irregular plurals do not follow this pattern (e.g., child -> children, foot -> feet)

Present Progressive Tense

• The present progressive tense describes ongoing actions or temporary situations
• Formed using the present tense of the verb "to be" + the -ing form of the main verb (e.g., I am studying, you are working)

Possessive Pronouns

• Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession
• Common possessive pronouns: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

Indefinite Articles - A/AN

• Indefinite articles "a" and "an" are used to describe singular nouns
• "A" is used before consonant sounds, while "an" is used before vowel sounds (e.g., a cat, an apple)

Present Simple Tense

• The present simple tense describes habitual, general, or true actions
• Formed using the base form of the verb (e.g., I go, you eat, he studies)

Present Simple Tense - Negative

• The negative form of the present simple tense is formed using "do not" or "does not" + the base form of the verb (e.g., I do not go, he does not eat)

Past Simple Tense - Regular

• The past simple tense describes completed actions in the past
• Formed using the -ed form of regular verbs (e.g., I walked, you ran, he studied)

Grammar Fundamentals

• Sentence structure refers to the organisation of words to convey meaning, involving a subject, verb, and sometimes an object.
• Punctuation marks, such as commas, periods, and semicolons, are used to clarify sentence meaning and structure.

Pronouns

• Subject pronouns replace nouns in a sentence, including I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.
• Possessive pronouns show ownership or relationship, including mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs.

Nouns

• Plural nouns are formed by adding -s or -es to the singular form, with irregular plurals having unique forms.

Verb Tenses

• The present progressive tense describes ongoing actions, formed using the present tense of "to be" and the gerund (-ing form) of the main verb.
• The present simple tense is used for habitual or general truths, formed using the base form of the verb.
• The negative present simple tense is formed by adding "does not" or "do not" before the base form of the verb.
• The past simple tense describes completed actions, formed using the past tense of the verb.

Articles

• Indefinite articles "a" and "an" are used to describe non-specific nouns, with "a" used before consonant sounds and "an" before vowel sounds.