English Chapter 3: The World Language

<p>A global language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anglo-Saxon dialect in Northern Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the language's status as a world language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Northern Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Vikings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norman French</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British Empire was a major factor in the spread of English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 350 languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguist David Crystal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hinglish</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British Empire was a major factor in the spread of English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 1.5 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>750 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of first language speakers must be high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three-quarters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will increase and then peak</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic growth in non-English-speaking countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the dominant language is often associated with the dominant power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether all varieties have equal merit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is no longer widely used</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the study of languages other than English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were quaint and eccentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Received Pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was neutral, free from regional associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English accents will continue to change and develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creolisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BBC English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the attitude of English speakers that links this way of speaking to social status</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact between speakers of the same language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Braj Kachru</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English accents will decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a second language used as a lingua franca</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deutschlish</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are becoming more acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>320-380 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chinglish</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of English in government and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing the sounds of the English alphabet in pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English as a Global Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English has no historical or governmental role</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The politically and economically powerful triangle between Oxford, Cambridge, and London</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variety of English spoken by educated people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lingua franca</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contact between speakers of the same language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any variety of English which is not standard English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm-providing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the diversity of English language features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm-developing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is closely related to the perspective of the particular language user</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The introduction of Afrikaans as a teaching language in schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a means of advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arrival of the British at the Cape of Good Hope</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>African National Congress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has borrowed words from other languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It means 'yes' in Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a means of advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New Englishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historical colonial influence by Britain or America</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unique lexis, pronunciation, and syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is now cemented as the global language of the 21st century</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different landscapes, animals, and food sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dutch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has adopted many words from European languages and beyond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic Fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a lingua franca</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emergence of a new language variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The English language has changed and adapted in different regions, resulting in different forms of the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English plays a significant role in world communications in the 21st century and can be viewed as a global or world language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English has developed from an Anglo-Saxon dialect to become a language recognised and spoken throughout the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International English, also known as English as a lingua franca, is used as a common form of communication in non-English speaking countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English has become a global language, recognised and spoken throughout the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The English language spreads by the power and influence of those who speak it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Military and commercial power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norman French</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a combination of English and French spoken at the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It saved the Anglo-Saxon language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 350 languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's due to the power of the people who speak it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of first language speakers, speakers spread over a wide geographical area, and political and economic stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A language that has shown a unique ability to absorb, evolve, invade, and steal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of people learning English is likely to increase, reaching a peak of around two billion, after which it will decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 1.5 billion people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shift in global power dynamics, where another country, such as China, takes the place of the United States as a global superpower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hinglish, Chinglish, Singlish, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that English is widely accepted as a common language for international communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the language has got so little to do with England these days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English speakers are spread over all five continents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three-quarters of the world's mail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that languages other than English may become more prominent in global communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of people learning and speaking English as a second language is much larger than the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that languages other than English may become more prominent in education and global communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the widespread use of English in international media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-native speakers play a significant role in shaping the future of the English language, as they outnumber native speakers and influence the language's evolution through contact and accommodation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kachru's Circles model is significant in understanding the spread of English as it categorizes the ways English is used globally, distinguishing between the Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the Inner Circle countries, English is the native language, and it is used as the primary language for all administrative and social purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of accommodation influences language development by leading to the development of a common form of pronunciation and syntax within a community, as people tend to adjust their language to sound like others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the Outer Circle countries, English is regarded as a second language, used as a lingua franca for administration, education, and other public domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the Expanding Circle countries, English is used as a medium of international communication, with no historical or governmental role, but it is widely used for international communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>David Crystal's book 'English as a Global Language' is significant because it discusses the future of English as a global language and provides insights into the language's development and spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main difference between the Inner Circle and Outer Circle countries is that in the Inner Circle, English is the native language, while in the Outer Circle, English is a second language used as a lingua franca.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English plays a significant role in international communication, serving as a medium of communication between different language groups and nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The growing number of non-native English speakers implies that the language's development will be influenced by the interactions between native and non-native speakers, leading to changes in pronunciation, syntax, and vocabulary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples include ‘Japlish’ (Japanese + English); ‘Chinglish’ (Chinese + English).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chinglish prolongs some of the vowel sounds of English; the sounds of the English alphabet are changed (e.g. ‘Z’ becomes a ‘J’) in pronunciation; ‘the’ can be used as a filler like ‘um’; actions in the past are described by adverbs (e.g. ‘already’); many expressions of feeling such as surprise, disgust or anger are summarised by ‘aiya’.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Inner Circle (e.g. UK, US) is norm-providing, which means that English language norms are developed in these countries and spread outwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standard English is a form of English which has been accepted as the norm and the variety with which other forms are compared. It originated in the UK as the variety of English spoken in the politically and economically powerful triangle between Oxford, Cambridge and London.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Expanding Circle is norm-dependent, relying on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the development of new language varieties, such as Chinglish, Japlish, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Inner Circle is norm-providing, while the Outer Circle is norm-developing, easily adopting and perhaps developing its own norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-standard English is any variety which is not Standard English and is related to regional varieties of the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects the English language norms, with the Inner Circle setting the standards for the rest of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is generally perceived as the variety of English spoken by educated people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the early 20th century, English dialects were considered 'quaint and eccentric' and of little importance. However, this attitude has completely changed, and today, there is a greater acceptance of regional accents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RP is the accent most closely associated with Standard English, and it is perceived as a prestigious accent due to its neutral origins and lack of regional associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The BBC's adoption of RP led to its widespread dissemination throughout Britain, making it 'the voice of Britain' and establishing it as the prestige accent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a greater acceptance of regional accents, and they are now widely heard in the British media, reflecting social change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creolisation is the process of two languages merging to form a new distinctive variety, and it is a key factor in the development of new varieties of English throughout the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deutschlish is a variety of English that contains a mix of English and German lexis and syntax, and it is an example of creolisation in action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The growing number of non-native English speakers contributes to the evolution of the English language by introducing new varieties and blends of English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary factor that affects how the English language evolves is the attitude of English speakers, which links certain ways of speaking to social status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increasing mobility of people leads to a decline in regional accents, as people are less likely to spend their lives in the same area and are more likely to converge in their speech patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The BBC's shift towards broadcasting a wider range of British regional accents and dialects reflects social change and a greater acceptance of regional accents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historical colonial influence by Britain or America, leading to the adoption of English in various countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each variety has developed its own lexis, pronunciation, and syntax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English has consolidated its position as a global language, despite not being the most widely spoken language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English may split into mutually incomprehensible languages, as happened to Latin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1976</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>South African English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adaptation of English by settlers and colonists in the United States, leading to the addition of new words and expressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dutch and Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The borrowing of words from Native American languages, such as 'raccoon' and 'squash'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English exists as a lingua franca, allowing communication between different language groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of distinct varieties of English, each with its own lexis, pronunciation, and syntax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures that no local dialect is viewed as more influential than any other</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The new British settlements in the Eastern Cape and Natal, and the subsequent rushes to the diamond and gold mines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to varieties of English that have developed in different countries through government administration, education, and media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was used by the African National Congress (ANC) and other liberation movements to enable communication between speakers of the country’s many other languages and with the outside world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is now cemented as the language that people wish to learn and speak in order to fully participate in the global communication infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>South African English (SAE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is considered a means of advancement in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>large-scale capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>recent waves of immigrants from all parts of Asia and the Pacific</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>they are largely mutually understandable, but have different lexis, phrasing, and pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American English could become the variety that sets the standards for the English language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>global influence and economic power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Americanisms are not taking over the British language, and British English is evolving at a faster rate than American English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers recorded the voices of over 10,000 English speakers from home and abroad, asking them to read extracts from Mr Tickle and pronounce six different words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American English is the lingua franca, ensuring a common understanding, and is used for all official government work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American English uses the simple past tense, whereas British English uses 'have/had' + past tense participle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of American English is increasing amongst school children, with young Britons copying US writing style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study suggests that the future of written English may owe more to Hollywood films than Dickens or Shakespeare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>British English is alive and well, holding its own against American English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believes that British English and American English continue to be distinct entities, with British English innovating and changing, while American English remains traditional in its speech patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recordings allowed researchers to examine the differences in pronunciation between British and American English speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>British English is not being overwhelmed by American English, but is instead maintaining its own distinct identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Popular US fiction, such as the Twilight novels and films, and modern technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic imperialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decline and potential death of minority languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor the decline of native languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The growth of diverse English language varieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language contact and cultural exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The loss of a whole culture and its songs, stories, legends, and sayings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is spoken only in remote areas of the northern and western Highlands, and is not an official language within the United Kingdom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonial expansion and the increasing economic importance of a dominant nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They will die out with the last native speaker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Six percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 7000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It distinguishes five levels of language endangerment, based on the extent to which language is passed on from one generation to the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaelic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20,000 - 30,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It gave official recognition to the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When one language is perceived to offer greater advantages for employment and general advancement, that language will be promoted and spoken, leading to a decrease in the use of the minority language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents a huge resurgence of interest in the Gaelic language, marking a shift away from its potential extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'killer language' concept refers to the idea that English is a chief cause of the death of minority languages, and it was first coined by Anne Pakir in 1991 and developed by David Graddol in 1996.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The colonization led to the development of a creole language, Tok Pisin, which became the lingua franca for both official and unofficial communication, causing local languages to cease being spoken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The German language is an example of a language that coexists with English, with many Germans speaking English fluently, and English words appearing in the German media and music.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language becomes restricted to the home and is eventually lost, leading to language death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Breton language was perceived as inferior to French, and children speaking Breton were punished, leading to a decline in its use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The media can play a significant role in promoting or restricting the use of a language, as seen in the case of BBC Gaelic language broadcasting services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents a commitment to promoting and preserving the Gaelic language, and marks a shift towards greater recognition and support for minority languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language becomes restricted to the home and is eventually lost, leading to language death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ruling elite believed that multilingualism was bad for economic progress because they thought it would hinder the country's economic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tok Pisin is a pidgin language that helped to unify the people of Papua New Guinea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main criticism is that it may not be sensitive to the native language of the learners and may pressure them to learn English as the only way to guarantee personal success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mother-tongue learning is important for education policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evolution of different forms of English reflects the power dynamics of language use, as languages spoken by dominant groups tend to spread and become prestigious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latin was a unifying language that fragmented into various languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a recognition of the importance of addressing the inadequacy of English language skills in education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is a global language that has been driven by the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, American dominance in commerce, trade, and media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language use is associated with power, and the view that it is beneficial to speak a dominant language is widespread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The changing economic status of non-native English-speaking countries may cause a change to the status of English in the world in the years to come.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The killing of Aboriginal people or their death from diseases introduced by Europeans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around half the languages spoken in the world today are not being taught to children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Six percent of the world's languages are spoken by 94 percent of the world's population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language death as the next generation adopts the dominant language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were hunted and wiped out within 75 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 50 and 70 languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should be more culturally sensitive and take account of the local culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inadequacy of English Language skills is one of the problems of English Language education in Jordan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Education policies should recognize the importance of mother-tongue learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That all Americans speak American English, which is seen to be unifying for the nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British Empire, The Industrial Revolution, and American dominance in commerce, trade, and media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may cause a change to the status of English in the world in the years to come.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vulnerable, definitely endangered, severely endangered, critically endangered, and extinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because language is a fundamental part of a people's culture and heritage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaelic is a fundamental part of Scottish culture, and preserving it helps to maintain cultural diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is spoken by around 20,000-30,000 native speakers, and over 50,000 others claim to understand it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased teaching in schools and a boost in spending for Gaelic language broadcasting services, such as BBC Alba and BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language shift occurs when one language is seen as less important than a more dominant language, leading to the decline of the smaller language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preserving cultural diversity helps to maintain the richness and variety of human culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is a fundamental part of our identity and culture, and is closely tied to our heritage and way of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language death can lead to the loss of cultural heritage, including songs, stories, legends, and sayings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of incentive to maintain the language, not being taught in schools, not being used in the media or formal administrative situations, and language shift towards a dominant language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 'killer language'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is the language of official communication and education, and Tok Pisin is used as a lingua franca.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A language with high status can give its speakers an economic or social advantage, while a language with low status can make its speakers feel inferior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authenticity is important in language teaching programs to reflect the diversity of language styles and varieties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The media can play a role in promoting or suppressing a language, and can influence language use and maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of a dominant language in education can lead to the decline of minority languages and the suppression of multilingualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The community plays a crucial role in language maintenance, as it can provide support and opportunities for language use and transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Globalization can lead to the spread of dominant languages and the decline of minority languages, but can also provide opportunities for language contact and exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language attitudes can influence language use and maintenance, as positive attitudes towards a language can promote its use and maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers