English 8: Grammatical Signals in Writing

• The lesson plan focuses on English 8, specifically South and West Asian Literature, information flow in texts, reality vs. fantasy, word decoding, information sources, active/passive voice, direct/reported speech, and journalistic writing.
• The target is for students to use grammatical signals or expressions suitable for different patterns of idea development.

Objectives:

• Students should identify grammatical signals in sentences.
• Students should value the importance of grammatical signals in daily communication.
• Students should write essays using appropriate grammatical signals.

Subject Matter:

• Topic: Grammatical signals or expressions.
• Materials include teaching guides, workbooks, and a PowerPoint presentation.
• Values emphasized are open-mindedness and logical thinking, integrating English and ESP (English for Specific Purposes).

Learning Procedure:

• The activities begin with a prayer and greetings.
• Classroom management includes picking up trash and arranging seats.
• Attendance is checked, and classroom rules are reviewed.
• An activity, "4 pics, 1 word", is used as a preliminary motivation.

Activity:

• In the "4 pics, 1 word" game, students identify a word based on four pictures that are presented.
• Groups that win the game get 10 points, while losing groups get 5 points.

Presentation of the Topic:

• Grammatical signals or expressions are introduced.
• There is a discussion on using grammatical signals or expressions suitable to each pattern of writing, after presenting the lesson objectives.

Developmental Activity:

• Students are divided into groups for a different activity.

Grammatical Signal Analysis:

• Grammatical signals are words or phrases to develop ideas in writing.
• Patterns of development are strategies to express ideas.

Common Patterns of Text:

• General to Particular: Broad topic to specific details.
• Cause and Effect: Events influenced or caused by others, followed by the effects.
• Problem-Solution: Text divided into a problem and its solution.
• Claim and Counterclaim: Arguing one side while the counterclaim opposes.

Grammatical Signals Function:

• They maintain text coherence.
• They signal the relationship between sentences.
• They are essential writing devices. -They provide readers a signal of what will follow.

Signals and Expressions by Pattern:

• General to Particular: first, second, third, next, as an example, in addition to, for example.
• Claim and Counterclaim: some may claim, that, other believe that, should be, think, support, argued, however.
• Problem-Solution: nevertheless, nonetheless, but the problem, the solution, one way is, one reason for the, as a result of, at the same time.
• Cause and Effect: due to, because, because of, since, as a result of, as a consequence of, as, for, therefore.

Generalization:

• Grammatical signals are words or phrases used to develop ideas in writing.
• Importance of valuing the concept of grammatical signals is emphasized.

Application:

• Examples are given of using grammatical signals in daily activities.

Examples:

• General to Particular: Starting with general information and narrowing to specifics.
• Claim and Counterclaim: Presenting an argument and then a counter-argument.
• Problem-Solution: Identifying a problem and then suggesting a solution.
• Cause and Effect: Describing a cause and the resulting effect.