Engineering Principles Overview

• These notes cover a range of topics in technology and engineering, including materials, mechanics, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, manufacturing processes, safety, and basic engineering principles.

CO Emission Reduction

• Catalytic converters reduce CO emissions primarily.

Valid Information Sources

• Professional journals are considered the most reliable sources for information.

Impact of Smelting Furnaces

• Smelting furnaces developed 3,000 years ago led to iron replacing bronze in the industry.

Transistors

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in mid-20th century televisions and radios, reducing size and increasing portability.

Manhattan Project

• The Manhattan Project provided the foundation for nuclear power technology.

Reverse-Engineering

• Disassembling a device to determine its internal mechanisms exemplifies reverse engineering.

Rheostat Resistance

• The sum of two 3,500 Ω resistors totals 7,000 Ω.

Product of Significant Figures

• The product of 2.1 × 10³ and 5.2 × 10³ with correct significant figures is 1.1 × 10⁷.

Copper Bar Mass

• A solid copper bar with given dimensions and a density of 8.96 g/cm³ has an approximate mass of 9.1 kg.

Tolerance

• In manufacturing and engineering, tolerance refers to a permissible deviation from a specification.

Garden Area Increase

• If a circular garden's radius doubles from 12 feet to 24 feet, the garden's area increases by a factor of 4.

Greatest Clearance Calculation

• With dowels that measure 8.5 mm ± 0.1 mm and holes that measure 9.0 mm ± 0.1 mm, the greatest clearance that can occur between the parts is 0.7 mm.

Volume Calculation

• A spherical workpiece with a radius of 8.4 inches and a volume "V" has a larger version with a radius of 25.2 inches. The volume of this larger sphere is approximately 27.0V.

Floor Plan Scales

• With a floor plan scale of 1/2 inch to 1 foot, the dimension labeled X, measuring 25 feet, should be represented by 12.5 inches on the plan. Note - value provided in source material was determined to be an error

Floor Plan Components

• A kitchen range is not shown on the provided floor plan.

First Aid for Puncture

• Applying direct pressure to the wound should be the initial step in administering first aid for a puncture wound.

Blood Spill Solution

• An important component of a solution used to clean up a blood spill on a workplace floor is chlorine bleach.

Tool Selection

• Calipers are most appropriate to determine the distance between two points on a flat surface of a workpiece.

Diameter Determination

• To determine the diameter of a circle, a design engineer should use a compass to construct the perpendicular bisector of the tangent and extend it until it intersects the circle at two points.

Jointer Use

• A jointer would most likely be used to create flat edges so that two boards may be edge-joined.

Geothermal Heat Pump

• Circulating subsurface steam from a volcanically active region throughout a city to heat buildings and melt ice is an example of an open geothermal heat pump system.

Pressure Reduction

• A regulator is commonly used to reduce line pressure in an industrial gas delivery system.

Centrifugal Pumps

• Centrifugal pumps use an impeller to push fluid entering at the center of the pump housing into a peripheral canal and exit.

Fluid System Impact

• Changing a fluid system carrying water to include a 45° bend and a downward slope will likely cause resistance to flow to decrease.

Bimetallic Strip Thermostat

• The operation of a typical bimetallic-strip thermostat is based on the difference in the coefficient of expansion of two metals.

Potential Kinetic Energy

• A 64 kg rock at a height of 20 m has a kinetic energy of 12,544 J when it strikes the ground below.

Energy Transfer

• The sun warming the surface of the rock face is the best example of energy transfer by radiation.

Heat Pump Inefficiency

• A heat pump is most likely to become inefficient when the outdoor temperature falls below freezing.

Electromagnet Strength

• Increasing the number of windings on the bar would be most effective in increasing the mass that the electromagnet can lift in its design.

Transformer Output Voltage

• For a transformer with 1.5 × 10² input windings and 4.5 × 10² output windings, when 220 V is applied to the input windings, the output voltage is 660 V.

Circuit Connection

• Multimeter to measure current in the lamp circuit should be able to connect to Wire X, and the negative terminal.

Wire Resistance

• Since resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the square of its diameter, doubling the diameter (2Y) would mean that the resistance would become 2Ω (since 8Ω/(2²) = 2Ω).

Fuel Cell End Product

• The end product of the chemical process commonly used in fuel cells is water.

Mechanical Power

• Power in mechanical systems is best described as the rate at which work is done.

Output Shaft Rotation

• Certain system designs, such as gears or pulleys, can allow the output shaft to rotate faster than the input shaft while rotating in the same direction.

Lifting Systems

• In a lifting system, increasing the lifting force comes at the expense of distance.

Pulley Torque

• The torque produced by the output pulley is 65.0 Nm, calculated from the input torque of 195 Nm and radii of the connected pulleys.

Weight Calculation

• Using the diagram for a seesaw with the following measurements. The result for the weight of the adult is 150kg

Building Codes

• State and local building codes primarily function to specify materials and procedures to ensure safety and sound construction.

Subfloor Load Transfer

• In stairs, the subfloor transfers loads directly to the stringers.

Wood Selection

• Using ebony wood results in the highest shipping costs of finished products due to its density.

Metal Strength Balance

• Cast iron is a metal with high compressive strength but very low tensile strength.

Bridge Design

• Member D is most often in compression (see source material for reference).

Bridge for Short Spans

• Beam bridges are most appropriate for short spans.

Slab-On-Grade Foundations

• An important advantage of slab-on-grade foundations is less costly and less time to construct.

Structural Material Selection

• In choosing materials for structural members of an aircraft, there is most often a trade-off between strength and weight

Live Load Components

• Accumulated snow is part of the live load on a building.

Truss Bridge Stability

• The stability of a truss bridge is based primarily on the integrity of triangles.

Bolt Failure

• Torsion is the type of force that is the primary cause of bolt failure when applying excessive pressure.

Winch Primary Force

• When a winch is being used to raise a beam up to an upper floor of a building under construction, tension is the primary force on its cable.

Resultant Force

• A 600 N piece of metal rests on a concrete column. The line from a winch is pulling upward on the column with a force of 25 N. The resultant force on the column is 575 N compression.

Metal Fatigue

• Metal fatigue is most likely to result from bending forces.

Placer Mining Principles

• Placer mining and panning separate ore from surrounding sediments by taking advantage of the ore's density.

Polymerization Products

• Polymerization is a process used to produce plastics

Assembly-Line Efficiency

• Increased efficiency from assembly-line manufacturing primarily results from a reduction in nonproductive efforts.

Aluminum Welding

• Gas tungsten arc welding is used primarily to weld metals like aluminum and magnesium.

Petroleum Cracking

• In preparing petroleum products, cracking breaks complex molecules into simpler molecules.

Metal Part Creation

• Die casting is commonly used to create detailed metal parts that require minimal finishing.

Steel I-Beam Manufacturing

• Extrusion is most appropriate for producing steel I-beams.

Steel Rod Process

• For steel connecting rods requiring strength, lightweight, and consistent grain, hot forging would be most appropriate in manufacturing.

Lean Manufacturing Focus

• Lean manufacturing focuses on reducing resource expenditures.

Sampling Considerations

• Arguments against changing a production process to increase sampling frequency for quality control is most likely to focus on production costs.

Production Line Robotics

• Production lines that contain electric golf carts and ride-on mowers. Spot-welding metal body parts would most likely to be appropriate to include robotics.

Relationship Definitions

• Biomechanics is a field within the larger field of bioengineering.

Human Genome Project

• The Human Genome Project is expected to benefit medical diagnosis and treatment.

Gene Transfer Vector

• The most commonly used vector in genetic engineering is bacteria.

Living Organisms

• Living organisms use fermentation in food production.

LAN Benefits

• A local area network (LAN), printers can be accessed from any of the networked computers.

Digital Signal

• The output from a computer's speaker represents a typical digital signal.

Interstellar Wave Travel

• Electromagnetic waves can travel through interstellar space since they do not need a carrying medium.

Optical Cable Angle

• Rays of light that strike the internal wall of an optical cable at angles closer than the critical angle of 40° to perpendicular are scattered.

Doppler Effect

• An ambulance's siren changing from high pitch to low pitch after passing an observer provides an example of the Doppler effect.

Speed Calculation

• Speed increased by raising the temperature of gas that has a sound traveling though it.

Sound Wave Refraction

• Sound wave refraction across an open outdoor area can commonly occur due to moving air.

Functionality

• Functionality of a laser in a laser printer, includes heating the paper to a specific measured temperature.

Primary Colors

• Yellow is a primary color for pigment.

Refraction Phenomenon

• Light travels at different speeds in different media therefore it appears that a pencil is bent in water.

Binocular Function

• Lenses of a pair of binoculars perform its basic function due to refraction.

DVD Lasers

• DVD player lasers have a shorter wavelength of ~640 nm. Therefore they are useful to results in higher resolution.

Fiber-Optic Message Transmission

• In fiber-optic telephone systems, messages are transmitted along optical cables as light pulses.

Compression Problem Indication

• A compression gauge commonly finds problems in the engine cylinders.

Multistaging Rockets

• Lower stages of rockets that no longer have fuel can increase the efficiency of upper stages.

Marine Vehicles

• Lift is an important force for hydrofoil marine vehicles.

Automotive Starters

• DC brushed motors are most commonly used in automotive starters.

Freight Transport

• Reduces delivery time in intermodal.

Parachutes Function

• Decreases speed by increasing drag.

Stretching Seatbelts

• Stretching seatbelts can reduce force on passenger.

Car Safety

• Car seats provide safety because rear-facing car seats better protect the infant's head, neck, and shoulders.

Motorcycle Helmet Replacements

• Should be replaced after it is sustained impact.

Airbags

• A number of factors including injuries can be sustained.

Turning Ships

• For turning ships using bow thruster is one that does not require forward motions.

Automotive Suspensions

• Torsion bar is part of a torsion of a car.

Rack-and-Pinion System

• Rack and pinion is part of a steering system.