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Study Notes
### Introduction
- Surveying is a method of making measurements of relative positions of features on Earth's surface, graphically or numerically.
- The most common methods of presentation are plans and maps.
- Plans are large-scale representations; maps are small-scale.
- Height information can be added as spot heights or contours.
Surveying Types
- Geodetic surveying considers the Earth's curvature for large areas.
- Plane surveying assumes a flat Earth surface for small areas. Plane surveying measurements are plotted as projections on a horizontal plane.
Fundamentals of Surveying
- Surveying involves making measurements of relative positions of natural and man-made features.
- Plans and maps are common methods of representing these measurements.
- Plans provide large-scale representations; maps are small-scale.
- Adding height information to a plan or map can be done with spot heights or contours.
Surveying based on Purpose
- Topographical surveys produce maps showing the irregularities of the Earth's surface.
- Engineering surveys are required before, during and after engineering works.
- Cadastral surveys create plans of property boundaries.
- Hydrographic surveys cover water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, bays, harbors) focusing on marine structures, navigation, and tides, etc.
- Hydrographic surveys are special type of hydrographic surveys.
Surveying based on Instrument
- Chain surveying, the simplest method, uses only linear measurements.
- Compass surveying measures both horizontal angles and linear distances.
- Levelling uses a levelling instrument to determine the relative elevations of points.
- Plane table surveys creates maps in the field by drawing measurements directly on the map.
- Tacheometric surveys use a special theodolite and staff to rapidly measure distances and elevations.
- Photogrammetric surveys use photographs, usually taken from an airplane to create topographic maps for large areas.
- EDM surveys use electronic distance measuring instrumentation to measure longer distances accurately with trigonometry.
Linear Measurements
- Procedures for measuring distances on flat, sloping land, and in areas with obstacles.
- Equipment used for measuring linear distances, such as chains, tapes and measuring rods.
- Offsets can be added to improve accuracy where the terrain is more complex.
Compass Surveying
- Methods for making measurements of horizontal angles using a compass.
- Importance of considering magnetic declination.
- Types of bearings, including true bearings, magnetic bearings, and grid bearings.
Theodolite
- The theodolite is a precision instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
- Explanation of the different components of the theodolite, functions, and adjustments.
- The operation and use of the theodolite in measuring horizontal and vertical angles or in surveying.
Tacheometry
- Basics of the tacheometric methods for distance, slope and elevation measurement calculation.
- Working and use of a tacheometer.
Plane Table Surveying
- The plane table is a graphical surveying method for creating maps in the field.
- Methods like Radiation, Traversing, Intersection, and Resection.
- Advantages and limitations of plane table surveying, equipment used.
Contouring
- A contour line represents a line of constant elevation on a map.
- Different shapes of contours represent different terrain features (e.g., hills, valleys).
- The significance, importance of contour and how to draw contours on a survey map.
- Contour interval and how to determine it in a given map.
Minor Instruments
- Various minor instruments for precise and approximate measurements in surveying.
- Hand levels, Abney levels, Indian pattern clinometers for surveying.
- Uses and principles of these minor instruments.
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Test jo kennis oer ynformaasje oer engineering, ynklusyf wichtige websiden en harren funksjes. Besykje hoe online learen har rol spilet yn engineering en wat de wichtichste aspekten binne fan bêste praktiken yn it fjild.