Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes true experimental designs?
What characterizes true experimental designs?
- Use of field experiments to assess behaviors
- Manipulating models without a defined hypothesis
- Random selection of cases and use of a control group (correct)
- Absence of a control group during testing
Which of the following statements about field experiments is true?
Which of the following statements about field experiments is true?
- They allow for complete control over environmental conditions.
- They lack control and may involve ethical concerns. (correct)
- Subjects often behave abnormally due to artificial conditions.
- They are equivalent to true experimental designs in validity.
What is the primary function of models in experimental research?
What is the primary function of models in experimental research?
- To mimic phenomena in manipulable forms for data acquisition. (correct)
- To provide absolute certainty about outcomes before experiments.
- To replace the necessity of conducting physical experiments altogether.
- To perfectly simulate real-life scenarios without alterations.
Which type of design is used when random selection is not achievable?
Which type of design is used when random selection is not achievable?
What is a primary concern with validity in experimental designs?
What is a primary concern with validity in experimental designs?
What is the primary factor that affects the accuracy of sample statistics compared to the true population mean?
What is the primary factor that affects the accuracy of sample statistics compared to the true population mean?
Which sampling technique involves selecting subjects in groups and then sampling from within these groups?
Which sampling technique involves selecting subjects in groups and then sampling from within these groups?
What does internal validity indicate in the context of an experiment?
What does internal validity indicate in the context of an experiment?
Which principle states that larger sample sizes generally lead to more accurate estimates of population parameters?
Which principle states that larger sample sizes generally lead to more accurate estimates of population parameters?
What is the main drawback of laboratory experiments compared to field experiments?
What is the main drawback of laboratory experiments compared to field experiments?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered when selecting sampling methods?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered when selecting sampling methods?
What does external validity refer to in experimental design?
What does external validity refer to in experimental design?
In systematic sampling, how are subjects selected after the random selection of the first subject?
In systematic sampling, how are subjects selected after the random selection of the first subject?
What is the primary characteristic of a structured interview?
What is the primary characteristic of a structured interview?
Which type of questionnaire allows respondents to provide answers in their own words?
Which type of questionnaire allows respondents to provide answers in their own words?
What is a key benefit of having a proper sequence of questions in a questionnaire?
What is a key benefit of having a proper sequence of questions in a questionnaire?
Which of the following should be avoided as opening questions in a questionnaire?
Which of the following should be avoided as opening questions in a questionnaire?
What is an essential principle when formulating questions for a questionnaire?
What is an essential principle when formulating questions for a questionnaire?
Which of the following describes secondary data in research?
Which of the following describes secondary data in research?
What should be considered while wording questions in a questionnaire?
What should be considered while wording questions in a questionnaire?
Which type of question is least effective for eliciting detailed responses?
Which type of question is least effective for eliciting detailed responses?
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Study Notes
Before Using Secondary Data
- Assess the reliability of the data source to ensure accuracy.
- Evaluate the suitability of the data for the specific research purpose.
- Check the adequacy of data volume and quality for comprehensive analysis.
Factors in Selecting Methods
- Consider the nature, scope, and objectives of the inquiry.
- Evaluate availability of funds to determine feasible methods.
- Factor in the time constraints for conducting the study.
- Determine the precision needed for the results.
Principles of Sampling
- Acknowledge that sampling can introduce variation between sample statistics and the true population mean.
- Larger sample sizes result in more accurate estimations of the true population mean.
- Variability in the population increases the difference between sample statistics and the true mean for a fixed sample size.
Basic Techniques of Sampling
- Random Sampling (SRS): Participants selected through random number generation.
- Systematic Sampling: Selection of subjects at regular intervals after a random starting point.
- Stratified Sampling: Population divided into strata, with subjects selected from within each group.
- Cluster Sampling: Uses intact groups that represent the wider population for selection.
Internal and External Validity
- Internal Validity: Deals with the credibility of the cause-and-effect relationship within the study.
- External Validity: Determines how findings can be generalized across different populations or settings.
Types of Experiments
- Laboratory Experiments: High level of control but may suffer from artificiality.
- Field Experiments: Subjects behave normally; however, ethical and control issues may arise.
- True Experimental Designs: Employ random selection and control groups to compare outcomes effectively.
- Quasi-experimental Designs: Applied when random selection is not possible.
- Pre-experimental Designs: Used when conditions for true experiments cannot be fully met.
- Ex Post Facto Studies: Investigate causes of past events through relevant data analysis.
Questionnaire Design
- General Form: Can be structured (predetermined questions) or unstructured; include closed or open-ended questions.
- Question Sequence: Proper sequencing minimizes misunderstanding; simpler questions should come first.
- Formulation & Wording: Questions should be clear, convey a single idea, and correspond to the respondent's perspective.
Models and Simulations
- Models: Simplified representations of real phenomena for data manipulation and analysis.
- Diagrammatic Models: Help explore relationships among variables in a situation.
- Physical Models: Provide three-dimensional scaled representations of objects.
- Mathematical Models/Simulations: Analyze effects of varied inputs on outcomes, predicting results in complex systems.
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