Engineering and Science

• Engineering is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, systems, and processes.
• Science is the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experiment.
• Both rely on math.

The Scientific Method

• Observation: Observing a phenomenon or identifying a problem.
• Hypothesis: Formulating a testable explanation for the observation.
• Experimentation: Designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
• Analysis: Analyzing the data collected during experimentation.
• Conclusion: Drawing conclusions based on the analysis and determining whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.

Engineering Design Process

• Problem Definition: Clearly identifying the need or problem to be solved.
• Research: Gathering information and exploring existing solutions.
• Requirements: Specifying the criteria and constraints for the design.
• Ideation: Brainstorming and generating potential solutions.
• Selection: Evaluating and selecting the most promising solution.
• Design: Developing a detailed design of the chosen solution.
• Implementation: Building or creating the designed solution.
• Testing: Evaluating the performance and functionality of the solution.
• Improvement: Refining and improving the solution based on testing results.

Mathematics for Engineering and Science

• Algebra: Solving equations, manipulating expressions, and understanding relationships between variables.
• Calculus: Dealing with rates of change, optimization, and accumulation.
• Trigonometry: Analyzing angles, triangles, and periodic functions.
• Statistics: Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
• Differential Equations: Modeling dynamic systems and processes.
• Linear Algebra: Dealing with systems of linear equations, matrices, and vectors.

Physics

• Mechanics: Study of motion, forces, and energy.
• Kinematics: Describes the motion of objects without considering the forces causing the motion (displacement, velocity, and acceleration).
• Dynamics: Relates the motion of objects to the forces acting on them (Newton's laws of motion).
• Statics: Deals with objects at rest or in equilibrium.
• Thermodynamics: Study of heat, work, and energy transfer.
• Zeroth Law: Defines thermal equilibrium.
• First Law: Conservation of energy.
• Second Law: Entropy increases in a closed system.
• Third Law: Absolute zero cannot be reached.
• Electromagnetism: Study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
• Electric Fields: Created by electric charges, exert forces on other charges.
• Magnetic Fields: Created by moving electric charges, exert forces on moving charges.
• Electromagnetic Waves: Propagating disturbances in electric and magnetic fields (light, radio waves, X-rays).
• Optics: Study of light and its behavior.
• Reflection: Light bouncing off a surface.
• Refraction: Bending of light as it passes through different media.
• Diffraction: Spreading of light waves as they pass through an opening or around an obstacle.
• Quantum Mechanics: Study of the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels.
• Wave-particle duality: Particles can exhibit wave-like properties and vice versa.
• Uncertainty principle: Position and momentum of a particle cannot be simultaneously known with perfect accuracy.

Chemistry

• Atomic Structure: Understanding the structure of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Chemical Bonding: Exploring how atoms bond to form molecules and compounds (ionic, covalent, metallic).
• Chemical Reactions: Studying the processes involved in the rearrangement of atoms and molecules.
• Stoichiometry: Calculating the quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
• Thermodynamics: Applying thermodynamic principles to chemical systems (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy).
• Chemical Kinetics: Studying the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions.
• Organic Chemistry: Focuses on the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.
• Inorganic Chemistry: Deals with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds, including minerals, metals, and organometallic compounds.

Materials Science

• Properties of Materials: Understanding mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties of materials.
• Types of Materials: Exploring different classes of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites).
• Material Selection: Choosing appropriate materials for specific engineering applications.
• Material Processing: Modifying the properties of materials through various techniques (heat treatment, casting, forming).
• Material Testing: Evaluating the properties and performance of materials.
• Corrosion: Degradation of materials due to chemical reactions with their environment.

Computer Science

• Programming: Writing instructions for computers to execute.
• Data Structures: Ways of organizing and storing data.
• Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures for solving problems.
• Computer Architecture: Understanding the internal components and organization of computers.
• Operating Systems: Software that manages computer hardware and software resources.
• Networking: Connecting computers and devices to share information.
• Databases: Systems for storing and managing large amounts of data.
• Artificial Intelligence: Developing intelligent systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.

Electrical Engineering

• Circuit Analysis: Analyzing and designing electrical circuits.
• Electronics: Designing and building electronic devices and systems (transistors, diodes, integrated circuits).
• Signals and Systems: Processing and analyzing signals and systems.
• Control Systems: Designing systems to automatically control processes and machines.
• Power Systems: Generating, transmitting, and distributing electrical power.
• Communications: Transmitting information over distances using various technologies.
• Electromagnetics: Studying and applying the principles of electromagnetism.

Mechanical Engineering

• Thermodynamics: Applying thermodynamic principles to design and analyze energy systems.
• Fluid Mechanics: Studying the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases).
• Heat Transfer: Studying the transfer of thermal energy.
• Solid Mechanics: Analyzing the behavior of solid materials under stress and strain.
• Manufacturing: Designing and manufacturing products.
• Mechatronics: Integrating mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering principles.
• Robotics: Design, construction, operation, and application of robots.

Civil Engineering

• Structural Engineering: Designing and analyzing structures to ensure stability and safety.
• Geotechnical Engineering: Studying the properties of soil and rock to design foundations and earthworks.
• Transportation Engineering: Planning, designing, and managing transportation systems.
• Water Resources Engineering: Managing water resources and designing water-related infrastructure.
• Environmental Engineering: Protecting the environment and human health through engineering solutions.
• Construction Engineering and Management: Planning, coordinating, and managing construction projects.

Chemical Engineering

• Chemical Reaction Engineering: Designing and analyzing chemical reactors.
• Mass Transfer: Studying the transport of mass between different phases.
• Heat Transfer: Studying the transfer of thermal energy.
• Thermodynamics: Applying thermodynamic principles to chemical processes.
• Process Control: Designing and implementing control systems for chemical processes.
• Separations: Separating mixtures of chemicals.
• Plant Design: Designing and operating chemical plants.