Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary process that leads to the formation of magma through the addition of water or carbon dioxide to rock?

  • Plutonism
  • Volcanism
  • Metamorphism
  • Flux melting (correct)

    • At which geological setting does transfer of heat typically occur, leading to the melting of surrounding rock?

  • Hotspots
  • Transform boundaries
  • Divergent boundaries
  • Convergent boundaries (correct)

    • What does plutonism refer to in geological terms?

  • Change in rock composition due to weathering
  • Formation of intrusive igneous rock (correct)
  • Magma mixing with groundwater
  • Eruption of magma onto the surface

    • What is volcanism associated with in geological processes?

    <p>Surficial discharge of molten rock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does metamorphism occur in rocks?

    <p>Due to extreme heat and pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of James Hutton in geology?

    <p>He developed the Plutonism Theory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to rocks during the process of flux melting?

    <p>They melt at lower temperatures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT associated with the study of volcanism?

    <p>Formation of metamorphic rocks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of soil moisture on plant growth?

    <p>It helps dissolve nutrients for plant uptake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of soil is crucial for sustaining plant fertility?

    <p>Humus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does soil texture influence its characteristics?

    <p>By affecting porosity, drainage, and permeability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the soil texture triangle?

    <p>A classification diagram based on soil composition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is not typically found filling the open spaces in soil?

    <p>Nitrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic reflects the thickness of soil from the surface to a limiting layer?

    <p>Soil depth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is soil considered a semi non-renewable resource?

    <p>It takes a long time for water and nutrients to accumulate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of soil structure significantly influences porosity?

    <p>Size and shape of soil aggregates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of soil erosion?

    <p>Detachment and transportation of soil particles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the extreme degradation of productive land?

    <p>Desertification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to soil during acidification?

    <p>pH decreases and acidity increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is salinization's primary effect on soil?

    <p>Build-up of salt on the soil surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of contamination can severely impact soil microorganisms and plants?

    <p>Heavy metal contamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus leading to nutrient pollution?

    <p>Eutrophication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities contributes to soil pollution?

    <p>Urbanization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of deforestation on soil quality?

    <p>Accelerated soil erosion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at a divergent plate boundary?

    <p>New oceanic plates are produced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of convergent boundary?

    <p>Divergent Boundary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average rate of tectonic plate movement?

    <p>0.60 cm to 10 cm per year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate boundary is characterized by plates sliding past each other?

    <p>Transform Boundary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes an ocean-ocean convergent boundary?

    <p>Where two oceanic plates collide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement pushing older rock to both sides of a ridge is caused by which geological process?

    <p>Molten material spreading out (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the North Atlantic plate movement is correct?

    <p>It moves 1 cm per year. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of rates for tectonic plate movement in the Pacific region?

    <p>4 cm per year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of metamorphism occurs due to the proximity to igneous intrusions?

    <p>Contact Metamorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism is primarily caused by mechanical deformation?

    <p>Cataclastic Metamorphism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural process is responsible for water moving from soil and living things into the atmosphere?

    <p>Evapotranspiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the volume of groundwater compared to surface water?

    <p>Groundwater is 40 times larger than surface water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metamorphism is associated with high temperatures and moderate pressures caused by hydrothermal fluids?

    <p>Hydrothermal Metamorphism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of burial metamorphism?

    <p>It is due to depths of burial that produce temperatures several hundred meters deep. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the hydrologic cycle refers to water that has accumulated artificially or naturally?

    <p>Reservoirs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of metamorphism occurs due to stresses from extraterrestrial impacts?

    <p>Shock/Impact Metamorphism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one approach to encourage recycling in manufacturing?

    <p>Incentivizing the use of recycled materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the informal sector contribute to recycling efforts?

    <p>By providing manpower for waste picking and recycling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is community effort important in managing plastic waste?

    <p>Plastic waste management begins at individual and household levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role should governments play in promoting recycling and waste management?

    <p>Ensure adequate waste collection and disposal systems are in place (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cultural shift is necessary for advancing towards a sustainable circular economy?

    <p>Transition away from the throwaway culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'tectonic' refer to?

    <p>The deformation of the Earth's crust due to plate interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major effects of plate motion?

    <p>Formation of unique Earth structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the interaction of tectonic plates?

    <p>They actively collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Contact Metamorphism

    Metamorphism caused by heat from nearby igneous intrusions.

    Cataclastic Metamorphism

    Metamorphism due to rock movement and friction along faults.

    Hydrothermal Metamorphism

    Metamorphism caused by hot, watery fluids.

    Regional Metamorphism

    Metamorphism over large areas due to pressure and heat.

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    Burial Metamorphism

    Metamorphism due to depth and pressure.

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    Shock/Impact Metamorphism

    Metamorphism from impacts (asteroids, etc.).

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    Precipitation

    Water falling from the atmosphere (rain or snow).

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    Groundwater

    Water located beneath the Earth's surface.

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    Flux Melting

    Melting of rock due to added water or carbon dioxide at lower temperatures.

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    Flux Melting Cause

    Water or Carbon Dioxide added to the rock.

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    Plutonism

    Formation of igneous rocks from magma cooling beneath the surface.

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    Volcanism

    Eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface.

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    Metamorphism

    Changing rock composition, texture, or structure by heat and pressure.

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    Magma Creation (Flux)

    Added water/carbon dioxide in rock melt at lower temps.

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    Convergent Boundaries

    Tectonic plates colliding.

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    Heat Transfer (Melting)

    Heat melts surrounding rock into magma.

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    Desalination

    A process that removes salt from water, often used to address water scarcity in drought-prone areas.

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    Soil Composition

    Soil is made up of solids (minerals & organic matter), liquids (water), and gases (air).

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    Soil Components

    Soil is composed of mineral grains, organic matter, water and air.

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    Soil Formation

    Soil is created through weathering processes, which break down rocks into smaller particles.

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    Soil Moisture

    Water in soil, that contains dissolved nutrients and minerals needed for plant growth.

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    Soil Texture

    The proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in soil.

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    Humus

    Partially decayed organic matter in soil, that improves soil fertility.

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    Soil Texture Triangle

    A diagram used to determine the type of soil based on its particle proportions.

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    Soil Pollution

    Soil contamination by harmful substances, affecting soil quality and plant growth.

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    Soil Erosion

    The removal of soil particles due to wind, water, or human activities.

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    Desertification

    The degradation of productive land in arid regions, leading to poor vegetation.

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    Soil Acidification

    An increase in soil acidity due to the build-up of acidic compounds.

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    Soil Salinization

    The accumulation of salt on soil surface, hindering plant growth.

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    Heavy Metal Contamination

    Soil contamination by heavy metals, harming soil microbes and plants.

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    Eutrophication

    Nutrient pollution caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus in soil and water.

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    Human Impact on Soil

    Human activities like farming, urbanization, influencing soil quality.

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    Recycling in manufacturing

    Encouraging industries to use recycled materials in their production processes.

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    Partnership with informal sector

    Involving informal workers in waste picking and recycling, providing them with opportunities.

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    Community campaigns

    Raising awareness and encouraging individuals to manage plastic waste at home.

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    Policy and planning (Government Role)

    Initiating change in the commercial sector by ensuring proper waste collection and disposal.

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    Throwaway culture

    A mindset of using and discarding products quickly, creating a lot of waste.

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    Sustainable circular economy

    A system where resources are used and reused in a closed loop, minimizing waste.

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    Plate tectonics

    The Earth's crust is divided into moving plates that interact, causing various geological features.

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    Tectonic features

    Geological structures formed due to the interaction of tectonic plates.

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    Seafloor Spreading

    The process where new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises and solidifies, pushing existing crust away.

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    Ocean-Continent Convergent

    An oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, causing the denser oceanic plate to subduct (sink) beneath the continental plate.

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    Ocean-Ocean Convergent

    Two oceanic plates collide, with the older, denser plate subducting beneath the younger, less dense plate.

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    Continent-Continent Convergent

    Colliding continental plates, causing mountain building.

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    Lateral Plate Boundary

    Tectonic plates slide horizontally past one another.

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    Plate Movement Speed

    Tectonic plates move at varying speeds, typically between 0.6 to 10 centimeters per year.

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    Study Notes

    Energy Resources

    • Energy is the ability to do work and comes in many forms.
    • Non-renewable energy sources are those that will run out in our lifetime. Fossil fuels are an example.
    • Fossil fuels are formed from fossilized remains of plants and animals, high in carbon content.
    • Oil, also known as petroleum, is refined into usable fuels like gasoline, propane, and kerosene. Crude oil is a fossil fuel made of hydrocarbons.
    • Natural gas is mostly methane and is used as a fuel for many materials and chemicals. It can be found in coal deposits.
    • Nuclear energy generates electricity by splitting atoms; this is a non-renewable energy source.

    Fossil Fuels

    • Fossil fuels are formed from the fossilized remains of plants and animals.
    • They are high in carbon content.
    • Oil, also known as petroleum, is a fossil fuel mined and transported to refineries to produce usable fuels. Petroleum is a Greek word for rock and oil.
    • Natural gas is primarily methane, used as a fuel.
    • Coal is a solid fossil fuel made of carbon. Coal is also a sedimentary rock.

    How Coal was Formed

    • Coal formed millions of years ago from plants buried in swamps.
    • Over time, pressure and heat turned the plant remains into coal.
    • Different types of coal exist, ranging from lignite to anthracite, based on their carbon content and how they were formed.

    Renewable/Alternative Energy

    • Renewable energy comes from sustainable sources and does not involve burning fossil fuels or splitting atoms.
    • Types include solar energy which uses the sun's rays for energy production, biofuels, hydroelectric energy using water flow, geothermal (Earth's heat) energy, and wind energy.

    Environmental Concerns

    • Fossil fuels cause air and water pollution, and CO2 emissions are harmful to the environment.
    • Fossil fuels are slowly being replaced by renewable energy sources, and this depends on advancements in technology.

    Geomorphic Processes

    • Geomorphic processes are physical processes that create and modify landforms on the surface of the Earth.
    • They can be categorized as endogenic or exogenic processes.
    • Exogenic processes, for example, involve weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and transportation, which are responsible for the degradation of Earth's surface.
    • Degradation processes create relief.
    • Aggradation involves deposition processes.
    • Weathering processes disintegrate rocks in situ. Examples of weathering processes include: physical or mechanical weathering, chemical weathering, and biologic weathering.
    • Mass wasting is the downslope movement of rock, soil, and other debris due to gravity.
    • Erosion involves wearing away of earth materials by natural forces.
    • Transportation is the movement of eroded materials.
    • Deposition is where eroded materials settle.

    Water Resources

    • Water is a vital resource.
    • Water makes up most of the Earth's surface (71%).
    • Water exists in different forms: surface water (oceans, lakes and rivers) and groundwater (in soil and rock).
    • Groundwater is located within pore spaces of regolith and bedrock.
    • Surface Water is present naturally or in formations where water can accumulate, called reservoirs.
    • Water cycles (evaporation, precipitation, transpiration, infiltration, and runoff).
    • Water is needed for many activities including agriculture, livestock, and everyday domestic use.

    Waste Management

    • Waste management deals with waste generated by human activities.
    • Types of waste include municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, agricultural waste, and hazardous waste.
    • Waste can be disposed of in landfills, incinerated, or composted.
    • Improper waste management can lead to serious problems such as contamination of water resources, clogging of drains and flooding, respiratory diseases from incineration, transmission of diseases and loss of biodiversity.

    Thermal Desalination

    • Thermal desalination is a process that uses heat to evaporate salt water, leaving behind fresh water.

    Metamorphism

    • Metamorphism is the alteration of the composition or structure of a rock due to heat, pressure, or other natural processes.
    • This process changes existing rocks into new metamorphic rocks. Common types are contact, cataclastic, hydrothermal, regional, burial, and shock/impact metamorphism.

    Soil Resources

    • Soil is a mixture of mineral grains, organic matter, water, and air.
    • Soil helps support plant growth.
    • Soil texture describes the relative amounts of sand, silt, and clay. Soil depth is the thickness of the soil from the surface to a root-limiting layer.
    • Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of soil layers or horizons.
    • Soil quality refers to a soil's ability to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and animal health.
    • Soil quality is affected by human activities such as farming, urbanization, and waste disposal.

    Plate Tectonics

    • The Earth's lithosphere is broken into several large plates that move slowly over the asthenosphere.
    • Plates interact in various ways at their boundaries.
    • Types of plate boundaries include convergent (where plates move toward each other), divergent (where plates move apart) and transform (where plates slide against each other horizontally).
    • Sea-floor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries where new ocean floor is generated.
    • Most scientists agree that the constant movement of tectonic plates affects the features of the Earth's surface.

    Oceanic Drilling Samples

    • Examination of samples from the ocean floor reveal insights about the age and composition of the seafloor (ocean crust).

    Magma

    • Magma is molten rock found beneath the Earth's surface.
    • Magma can be created through various processes including decompression melting and flux melting.

    Soil Horizons, Pollution and Quality

    • Soil horizons are layers that form in the soil over time.
    • Different components within the soil, like organic matter, are present at varying densities.
    • Poor soil management can lead to problems like pollution and degradation of soil quality and vegetation.
    • Acidification is another issue, occurring when acidic cations become concentrated in soil, for instance.
    • Salinization is the accumulation of salt on the soil; it impacts physical quality and plant growth.

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