Energy Resources and Coal Formation

Melting of rock due to added water or carbon dioxide at lower temperatures.

Transferring heat causes surrounding rock to melt forming magma.

Melting often occurs where tectonic plates collide.

Magma solidifying beneath the Earth's surface forms intrusive igneous rock.

Molten rock, pyroclastic debris, or hot fluids erupting from Earth's surface.

Changes in rock properties from heat, pressure, or other natural forces.

Changes in rock composition, texture, or structure due to heat and pressure.

Igneous rock that forms from cooled magma beneath the earth's surface.

A process for removing salt from water, often used to address water scarcity during droughts.

Soil is made up of solid mineral and organic material, liquid water, and gases like air.

Soil provides nutrients and moisture for plant growth

The proportion of different soil particles (sand, silt, and clay).

Partially decomposed organic matter in soil, crucial for fertility.

A diagram used to identify soil types based on their particle proportions.

The thickness of soil from the surface to the bedrock or water table.

Soil is considered a semi-nonrenewable resource because of the long time it takes for water and nutrients to accumulate in it.

Energy sources that will either run out or cannot be replenished quickly.

Energy sources formed from ancient plants and animals, buried and compressed over millions of years.

A black, thick liquid that is a type of fossil fuel.

A process used to separate crude oil into different parts (like gas, kerosene, diesel).

A solid fossil fuel, primarily made of carbon and formed from ancient plant matter.

A gaseous fossil fuel, mostly methane, often found alongside coal and oil.

Energy produced by splitting atoms, a non-renewable energy source.

Energy sources that can be replenished naturally or are not based on burning fossil fuels.

Energy from the sun used to generate electricity.

Energy sources created from recently dead organisms, a renewable energy.

Renewable energy from flowing water turning turbines to generate electricity.

Renewable energy from heat within the Earth's crust.

Energy from wind turning turbines to generate electricity.

Energy from bond breaking/formation in fuels, converted to other forms.

Energy of motion, produced from heat energy converting into steam.

Harmful substances contaminate the soil, affecting its quality and health.

Soil particles detach, move, and settle, usually accelerated by human activities like deforestation.

Productive land in dry areas becomes unproductive and barren due to degradation.

Soil becomes acidic due to increased levels of acid-forming substances.

Salt accumulation on soil surface harms plant growth and soil quality.

Harmful heavy metals enter the soil, harming microorganisms and plant life.

Excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) build up in soil and water, affecting ecosystems.

Excess nutrients cause negative effects on water and land systems.

Crop residues and by-products from agriculture, such as animal waste, husks, and straws.

Waste containing toxic chemicals from industries, agriculture, hospitals, and nuclear facilities.

Used water from homes, industries, and other sources, containing human waste, food scraps, oils, and chemicals.

Controlling and disposing of waste, to reduce hazards and misuse of resources

The process of burying waste in specially designed landfills.

Processing waste materials to reuse them in the production of new items.

Burning waste to reduce volume and dispose it safely.

Decomposition of organic matter to create fertilizer.

The theory of seafloor spreading is supported by various pieces of evidence, including magnetic striping, age of ocean floor, and the presence of mid-ocean ridges.

Convergent boundaries occur where tectonic plates move towards each other, resulting in collisions and often leading to mountain formation, volcanic arcs, or subduction.

In this type of convergent boundary, an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, leading to the denser oceanic plate sinking beneath the continental plate (subduction) and forming volcanic mountains.

When two oceanic plates converge, the denser plate subducts beneath the other, resulting in the formation of volcanic island arcs and deep trenches.

This type of convergence occurs when two continental plates collide, leading to the formation of mountain ranges due to the immense pressure and folding of the crust.

Divergent boundaries occur when tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma from the Earth's mantle to rise, creating new oceanic crust and forming mid-ocean ridges.

Also known as transform boundaries, these occur when tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other, resulting in earthquakes along the fault line.

The rate at which tectonic plates move varies, with average speeds ranging from approximately 0.60 cm/yr to 10 cm/yr.