Energy Metabolism - Part 1

The process of creating ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of the cell, through cellular respiration.

The metabolic process that breaks down glucose and other fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source in many organisms.

The initial stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is partially broken down into pyruvate.

A three-carbon molecule formed from glucose during glycolysis, serving as a critical intermediate in cellular metabolism.

Organelles within cells that are the primary sites of cellular respiration, producing most of the cell's ATP.

The final stage of cellular respiration, taking place in the mitochondria, that generates a large amount of ATP via the electron transport chain.

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses energy from electron transfer to pump protons, creating a gradient used to produce ATP.

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen.

Cellular respiration without oxygen, creating less ATP than aerobic respiration, like lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation.

The process of creating Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), the main energy currency of cells.

The fixed ratios of reactants to products in a chemical reaction.

A series of chemical reactions that releases stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

The process that generates most of the ATP during cellular respiration using the proton gradient.

Difference in hydrogen ion (H+) concentration across a membrane, drives ATP synthesis.

A series of proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.

An enzyme that synthesizes ATP using the energy from the proton gradient.

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses electron transfer to pump protons, creating a gradient to produce ATP.

A difference in proton concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane, storing energy for ATP production.

A protein complex in the electron transport chain, transferring electrons and pumping protons.

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

Various functions of the mitochondria are powered by the energy stored in the proton gradient across the inner membrane.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a molecule that carries electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

The actual amount of ATP produced during respiration varies depending on specific conditions.

A mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain, shuttling electrons.

Cancer cells preferentially metabolize glucose to lactate, even with sufficient oxygen, unlike normal cells.

Proliferating cells prioritize biomass production (cell components) over maximum ATP efficiency, using glucose and glutamine as primary carbon and nitrogen sources.

When cell growth is prioritized, a less efficient metabolic pathway like glucose fermentation (Warburg effect) is favored over maximum ATP production.

Mitochondria have limited proton permeability, implying regulated transport of charged metabolites.

A high ATP/ADP ratio inhibits glycolytic flow, limiting intermediate use for macromolecular synthesis.

Glucose is used for biomass and ATP synthesis during cell proliferation.

The Cori cycle recycles lactate, minimizing impact on organism's energy reserves during glucose fermentation in proliferating cells.

Glucose and glutamine are the primary carbon and nitrogen sources supporting cell division.

Mitochondria where the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis are linked.

Substances disrupting proton gradient in mitochondria, preventing ATP production.

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, with a lower concentration of protons.

The membrane within the mitochondrion where the electron transport chain functions.

The inner compartment of the mitochondrion, with a higher concentration of protons.

Alternative pathway for energy production in cells, like ethanol production from glucose.

Enzyme catalyzing the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde.

The theory suggests that the respiratory chain creates a proton gradient across membranes used to synthesize ATP, this involves a reversible enzyme system.

The movement of protons across a membrane, creating a gradient.

Electrical potential difference across a membrane from the build up of protons.

Difference in H+ concentration across the membrane.

Enzyme responsible for ATP synthesis driven by the proton gradient.

Enzyme that facilitates the movement of protons reversible in nature.

ATP acts as an energy transmitter, not a reservoir, in cells.

ATP is constantly hydrolyzed and regenerated in cells.

A cell's ATP supply is limited (~1 minute), varying by cell type.

A protein that generates force by using ATP.

Myosin has two heavy and two light chains, forming heads and tails.

Complex of myosin and actin causing muscle movement.

Muscle tissue with visible parallel stripes due to overlapping myosin and actin.

ATP is required for a relative movement between myosin and actin in muscle fibers.

Basic structural and functional unit of muscle tissue that involves ATP usage.

Breaking down ATP into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy.