Energy Generation in the Body

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Questions and Answers

What is another name for ATP synthase?

Complex I

Complex III

Complex V (correct)

Complex IV

Which theory explains how the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled?

Cell theory

Quantum theory

Chemiosmotic theory (Mitchell) (correct)

Kinetic theory

What drives the formation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation according to the chemiosmotic theory?

Transmembrane difference in lipid composition

Transmembrane difference in DNA content

Transmembrane difference in charge and pH (correct)

Transmembrane difference in temperature

What is the thermodynamically favorable process involved in ATP synthesis?

Re-entry of the protons through ATP synthase Signup and view all the answers

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Mitochondrial matrix Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of each round of the citric acid cycle?

$2 CO2, 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 1 ATP$ Signup and view all the answers

What are the activators of the citric acid cycle?

$ADP$ and $NAD+$ Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathway is the citric acid cycle?

Amphibolic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What drives ATP synthesis according to chemiosmotic theory?

Proton-motive force Signup and view all the answers

What is used in the synthesis of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids?

Intermediates from the citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

How many protons are required to synthesize one ATP molecule?

4 protons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the electron transport chain?

Regenerate the oxidized forms of coenzymes to continue the oxidation reaction Signup and view all the answers

Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell?

Inner mitochondrial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which complexes pump protons to the intermembrane space during the electron transport chain?

Complexes I, III, and IV Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of electron-carrying proteins in the electron transport chain called?

$Respiratory$ $chain$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of oxidative phosphorylation?

To enzymatically phosphorylate ADP to ATP coupled to electron transfer from a substrate to molecular oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two carriers involved in the electron transport chain?

Coenzyme Q and cytochrome C Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled to electron transfer from a substrate to molecular oxygen?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Where do complexes I, II, III, and IV of the electron transport chain pump protons?

Intermembrane space Signup and view all the answers

What are NADH and FADH2 referred to as in catabolism?

Electron donors Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for transferring electrons from substrates (NADH and FADH2) to molecular oxygen in aerobic cells?

Respiratory chain Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ATP Synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Another name for ATP synthase is F-ATPase.
The chemiosmotic theory explains how the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled.
According to the chemiosmotic theory, the driving force behind ATP formation in oxidative phosphorylation is the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
ATP synthesis is a thermodynamically favorable process due to the energy released from the proton gradient.

Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
The products of each round of the citric acid cycle are CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
Activators of the citric acid cycle include ATP, NAD+, and CoA-SH.
The citric acid cycle is an amphibolic pathway, meaning it participates in both catabolism and anabolism.

Electron Transport Chain

ATP synthesis is driven by the proton gradient generated during the electron transport chain, according to the chemiosmotic theory.
Acetyl-CoA is used in the synthesis of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
The synthesis of one ATP molecule requires 3-4 protons.
The main function of the electron transport chain is to generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The electron transport chain takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Oxygen is the electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Complexes I, III, and IV pump protons to the intermembrane space during the electron transport chain.
The sequence of electron-carrying proteins in the electron transport chain is called the electron transport chain or respiratory chain.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The main purpose of oxidative phosphorylation is to generate ATP from the energy released during the electron transport chain.
The two carriers involved in the electron transport chain are NADH and FADH2.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the term used for the enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled to electron transfer from a substrate to molecular oxygen.
Complexes I, II, III, and IV of the electron transport chain pump protons into the intermembrane space.
NADH and FADH2 are referred to as electron carriers or energy-rich molecules in catabolism.
The electron transport chain is responsible for transferring electrons from substrates (NADH and FADH2) to molecular oxygen in aerobic cells.

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Test your knowledge on energy generation in the body, focusing on concepts such as biological oxidation, respiratory chain, ATP synthesis, CAC's role in energy generation, electron transport chain, AH2 oxidation reactions, and catabolism.