Energy Efficiency and Consumption Quiz

Lab Safety Rules

• Never perform an experiment without teacher approval and read all instructions.
• Wear safety goggles at all times during experiments.
• Dispose of liquid waste in designated containers, not down the sink.
• Place broken glass in the designated broken glass container.
• Report all accidents to the teacher immediately.
• Use only the prescribed amount of materials to minimize chemical reactions.
• Avoid smelling or tasting chemicals, as they may be harmful.
• Maintain a safe and orderly lab environment to prevent accidents.
• Do not leave the lab unattended during an experiment.
• Clean up any spills and equipment after the experiment.

Observations and Inferences

• Observations are gathered using the five senses to collect information.
• Observations can be qualitative (descriptive, no measurements) or quantitative (measurements).
• Inferences are logical interpretations based on prior knowledge and observations.
• Observation is based on five senses.

Particles to Solution

• Matter consists of tiny particles with spaces between them.
• The state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) depends on the proximity of particles.
• Particles move faster with increasing temperature.
• Different substances are comprised of different types of particles.
• Particles move in constant, random motion, changing direction upon collisions.
• Particles attract each other with varying force based on the state of matter.

Physical and Chemical Properties

• Physical properties describe characteristics like color, luster, malleability, and conductivity, that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition.
• Chemical properties describe how a substance changes or reacts with other substances, resulting in a new substance. Examples include flammability and reactivity.

Physical Properties of Pure Substances

• Density is the mass per unit volume.
• Mass is the amount of matter in a substance.
• Weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass.
• Volume is the amount of space a substance occupies.
• Freezing/melting points and boiling points are unique for each substance.

Atomic Theories

• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter.
• Matter is made up of atoms.
• Atoms are constantly in motion.
• Different atoms have different characteristics. Key scientists that aided in development of atomic theory include Democritus, Aristotle, and John Dalton.

Periodic Table of Elements

• Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number.
• Elements within each group tend to share similar properties.
• The periodic table displays elements' symbols, atomic numbers and atomic masses, electron configurations, and other characteristics

Periodic Table Explained

• Atoms have a nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
• Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
• Mass numbers is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
• Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Elements can have multiple isotopes, each with a distinct mass.
• Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell of an atom that determine chemical properties.
• Elements are arranged in groups and periods that reflect similar properties.

Chemical Bonding Rules and Types of Compounds

• Electrons can move between atoms.
• Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration (full outermost shell).
• Ionic compounds result from the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom.
• Covalent compounds result from the sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms.

Environmental impacts and considerations

• The impact of human activities on climate change
• Indicators of climate change
• Impact on ecosystems
• Solutions for climate change
• Considerations for sustainable agriculture
• Impacts of pesticides
• Importance of conservation and stewardship

Describing The Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, And Biosphere

• The Atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the earth. It includes nitrogen, oxygen, and trace gases.
• The Lithosphere is the solid outer layer of the Earth including rocks, minerals, and soils. It ranges in thickness from 50-150 km.
• The Hydrosphere includes all water on Earth in solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor or steam) forms. This includes oceans, lakes, rivers, snow, and groundwater.
• The Biosphere is the part of Earth that supports life. It includes all living organisms (plants, animals, and microorganisms) and their interactions with each other and their nonliving environment (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere).

Organic vs. Nonorganic Fertilizers

• Natural (organic) fertilizers, derived from plant and animal matter or decomposed plant material and are more gradual in release of nutrients to soil and also helps regulate soil conditions.
• Synthetic fertilizers, manufactured using chemical processes and provide specific nutrients readily to plants.

Static Electricity, Electric Charges and Circuits

• Electric charges are fundamental properties of matter.
• Opposite charges attract, while like charges repel.
• Static electricity results from the buildup of electric charges on an object.
• Charging an object by friction, conduction, or induction.
• Conductors allow electrons to move freely.
• Insulators prevent electron flow.
• An electric circuit is a closed loop that allows electrons to flow between a source and a load.
• Circuit components include batteries, loads, resistors, wires, and switches
• Series and Parallel circuits.
• Laws of electric charges are used in everyday electronic devices and appliances.