24 Questions
What is the primary reason for the increase in energy requirements in computing?
The growth in Internet-connected devices
According to the World Bank, what percentage of the world's population possesses a mobile phone?
50%
By the end of 2013, how many PCs and browser-equipped mobile devices were in use?
1.78 billion PCs and 1.82 billion mobile devices
What is the predicted number of Internet-connected devices by 2020?
50 billion
What is the primary driver of the growth in Internet-connected devices?
The growth of the Internet of Things
What is the expected outcome of tablet device sales by 2015?
They will exceed PC sales
What is the estimated number of office PCs in use in the United Kingdom in 2012?
10 million
What is the expected percentage of the working population using a PC in their daily work by 2020?
70%
What is the estimated energy requirement for the 'zettabyte Internet' according to Raghavan and Ma (2014)?
8 kWh/GB
What is the main concept behind the 'Internet of Things'?
Enabling almost any object to possess Internet capability
What is the primary reason for the increase in energy consumption due to the 'Internet of Things'?
The energy needed for operation of devices
What is the benefit of devices being able to communicate with each other in the 'Internet of Things'?
Reducing energy consumption without operator intervention
What is the expected outcome of the 'Internet of Things' on the growth in traffic predicted by Cisco?
A significant contribution to the growth in traffic
What is the main driver of the development and upgrade cycle of consumer electronic products?
Added functionality
What is the consequence of providing devices with Internet capability in the 'Internet of Things'?
Increasing the energy consumption
What is the expected outcome of the increased connectivity in the 'Internet of Things'?
A significant contribution to the growth in traffic
What is the primary challenge in optimizing energy consumption in cloud computing?
Difficulty in identifying a specific area for energy optimization
Which of the following is NOT a focus area of green Information Technology research?
Development of clunky power-hungry applications
What is the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) primarily concerned with?
Facilitating machine-to-machine communication and machine-to-human interaction
Which of the following is an example of a recent European Union regulation related to green IT?
Obligation of new devices to switch off when not in use
What is energy harvesting, in the context of green IT, concerned with?
Exploring ambient power sources for energy generation
What is the primary limitation of cloud computing in terms of energy efficiency?
Enormous energy consumption
Which of the following is a challenge facing green IT system developers and providers?
Limited legal framework for green IT
What is a major concern in the field of green IT, without a reliable methodology to measure ICT suitability?
Claims and counterclaims about energy efficiency
Study Notes
Energy Consumption of the Internet
- An estimate by Raghavan and Ma (2014) suggests that the energy consumption of the internet is 8 kWh/GB, which is significantly higher than previous estimates.
- This estimate takes into account the full life cycle of devices and end devices, which are excluded from other estimates.
Internet of Things (IoT)
- The IoT concept enables almost any object to possess internet capability.
- Examples of IoT include washing machines that can optimize energy use and in-vehicle systems that provide fuel-efficient routes.
- Each device effectively becomes a computer in its own right, requiring more IT and energy for operation.
Growth in Internet-Connected Devices
- 50% of the world's population possesses a mobile phone (World Bank, 2014).
- By the end of 2013, there were 1.78 billion PCs and 1.82 billion mobile devices in use (Gartner, 2013).
- By 2020, there are predicted to be 50 billion internet-connected devices.
Challenges in Green Information Technology
- One of the critical challenges facing green IT is the lack of a reliable methodology to measure its suitability.
- The legal framework for green IT is still underdeveloped, with limited regulations on the national or international level.
Cloud Computing and Energy Consumption
- Cloud computing is not necessarily a "green way" of reducing energy consumption, as a typical cloud data center still consumes an enormous amount of energy.
- It is difficult to precisely identify areas of energy optimization in cloud computing due to its distributed nature.
Energy Harvesting and Internet of Things
- Energy harvesting is a research area that explores how to take advantage of ambient power sources.
- The concept of the internet of things examines technologies that enable machine-to-machine communication and machine-to-human interaction via internet protocols.
Estimating the energy required to power the internet, comparing different definitions and calculations. Raghavan and Ma's estimate is higher due to inclusion of end devices and full life cycle costing.
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